The Roman Republic The Roman Republic 509-31 BCE509-31 BCE

Roman History: Roman History: ChronologyChronology

1. Roman origins: 1. Roman origins: 753-509 BCE753-509 BCE2. Roman 2. Roman

Republic: Republic: 509-31 BCE509-31 BCE

3. Roman Empire: 3. Roman Empire: 31 BCE-476 AD31 BCE-476 AD

Roman Origins: Roman Origins: 753-509 753-509 BCEBCE

1000 BCE: Villages, 1000 BCE: Villages, nomadic lifenomadic life

77thth C BCE: C BCE: UrbanizationUrbanization

753 BCE: Legend of 753 BCE: Legend of Romulus + RemusRomulus + Remus

Monarchy: Monarchy: ImperiumImperium

Rape of the Sabine Rape of the Sabine Women Women

"Events before Rome "Events before Rome was born have come was born have come down to us in old down to us in old tales with more of tales with more of the charm of poetry the charm of poetry than of sound than of sound historical record, historical record, and such traditions I and such traditions I propose neither to propose neither to affirm nor refute." affirm nor refute."

-Livy-Livy

Nicolas Poussin, “The Abduction of the Sabine Women” Nicolas Poussin, “The Abduction of the Sabine Women” 1633-341633-34

The EtruscansThe Etruscans Modern TuscanyModern Tuscany 12 city-states: 12 city-states:

autonomyautonomy TradeTrade 66thth C BCE: Rule over C BCE: Rule over

RomeRome Greeks, Etruscans Greeks, Etruscans

+ Romans: cultural + Romans: cultural influenceinfluence

ImmoralityImmorality 509: Rome rises to 509: Rome rises to

powerpower

“ “Sharing wives is an Sharing wives is an established Etruscan established Etruscan custom. Etruscan custom. Etruscan women…exercise women…exercise often, sometimes along often, sometimes along with the men...it is not with the men...it is not a disgrace for them to a disgrace for them to be seen naked…the be seen naked…the Etruscans raise all the Etruscans raise all the children that are born, children that are born, without knowing who without knowing who their fathers are…”their fathers are…”

Theopompus of Chios, Theopompus of Chios, Histories,Histories, Book 43Book 43

The Roman Republic: The Roman Republic: Political OrganizationPolitical Organization

500 BCE: 500 BCE: Monarchy Monarchy abolishedabolished

Republic founded: Republic founded: 3 elements3 elements

1.1. Executive branch, Executive branch, 2 Consuls 2 Consuls

2.2. Senate Senate 3.3. Assembly of Assembly of

Centuries + Tribes Centuries + Tribes

The Roman Republic: The Roman Republic: Political Organization Political Organization

(continued)(continued) ““Mixed”Mixed” Checks + Checks +

balancesbalances Patricians vs. Patricians vs.

plebeiansplebeians Struggle of Struggle of

the Ordersthe Orders Strategy: Strategy:

CompromiseCompromise

“ “. . the elements by which . . the elements by which the Roman constitution was the Roman constitution was controlled were three in controlled were three in number . . . all the aspects of number . . . all the aspects of the administration were, the administration were, taken separately, so fairly taken separately, so fairly and so suitably ordered and and so suitably ordered and regulated through the agency regulated through the agency of these three elements that of these three elements that it was impossible even for it was impossible even for the Romans themselves to the Romans themselves to declare with certainty declare with certainty whether the whole system whether the whole system was an aristocracy, a was an aristocracy, a democracy or a monarchy…”democracy or a monarchy…”

Polybius, Polybius, HistoriesHistories

Roman LawRoman LawPlebian Victories:Plebian Victories: Election of Election of

Tribunes (494 Tribunes (494 BCE)BCE)

Law of the Twelve Law of the Twelve Tables (451 BCE)Tables (451 BCE)

Inter-marriage Inter-marriage (445 BCE)(445 BCE)

Licinian-Sextian Licinian-Sextian laws (367 BCE)laws (367 BCE)

Lex HortensiaLex Hortensia

Cicero, Cicero, De OratoreDe Oratore, , I.44: I.44:

“…“…I will say what I I will say what I think: that single little think: that single little book of the Twelve book of the Twelve Tables, if anyone look Tables, if anyone look to the fountains and to the fountains and sources of laws, seems sources of laws, seems to me, assuredly, to to me, assuredly, to surpass the libraries of surpass the libraries of all the philosophers, all the philosophers, both in weight of both in weight of authority, and in authority, and in plenitude of utility…”plenitude of utility…”

Roman ImperialismRoman Imperialism Conquest of Italy + the Conquest of Italy + the

Latin LeagueLatin League Latin War: revolt of alliesLatin War: revolt of alliesPunic Wars with CarthagePunic Wars with Carthage Background Background 1st Punic War (264-241 1st Punic War (264-241

BCE)BCE) 2nd Punic War (218-201 2nd Punic War (218-201

BCE): Hannibal defeatedBCE): Hannibal defeated 3rd Punic War (149-146 3rd Punic War (149-146

BCE)BCE)

Roman Imperialism Roman Imperialism (continued)(continued)

Macedonian WarsMacedonian WarsStrategiesStrategies AlliancesAlliances Conquests: Conquests:

Compromise + Compromise + AssimilationAssimilation

Liberal + militaristic Liberal + militaristic policies: balancepolicies: balance

Consequences/results?Consequences/results? Economic divideEconomic divide Slave economySlave economy

Roman Culture: OverviewRoman Culture: Overview Urban lifeUrban life Social status: Social status:

Patrons + ClientsPatrons + Clients Social hierarchy:Social hierarchy:1.1. Senatorial (Elite)Senatorial (Elite)2.2. EquestrianEquestrian3.3. Plebians: CitizensPlebians: Citizens4.4. SlavesSlaves

Social Structure: Roman Social Structure: Roman FamilyFamily

1. Marriage1. Marriage2. Power of the2. Power of the

PaterfamiliasPaterfamilias 3. Women3. Women VisibilityVisibility Wealth: Oppian LawWealth: Oppian Law4. Slaves4. Slaves IncreaseIncrease OccupationsOccupations ManumissionManumission

Education in the Roman Education in the Roman RepublicRepublic

1. Informal settings1. Informal settings2. Private schooling2. Private schooling3.3. Grammaticus Grammaticus 4. Oratory: Rise of 4. Oratory: Rise of

rhetoricrhetoric Greek influenceGreek influence Political skillPolitical skill

Roman ReligionRoman Religion Greco-Roman Gods: Greco-Roman Gods:

cultural synthesiscultural synthesis Conquests = Conquests =

imported Godsimported Godseg. Cult of Cybeleeg. Cult of Cybele Temple of Vesta: Temple of Vesta:

Vestal VirginsVestal Virgins Tolerance vs. Tolerance vs.

suppressionsuppression i.e. Cult of Dionysusi.e. Cult of Dionysus

The ArtsThe Arts Hellenistic Hellenistic

influenceinfluence ArchitectureArchitecture PhilosophyPhilosophy1.1. Lucretius + Lucretius +

EpicureanismEpicureanism2.2. Cicero + Cicero +

StoicismStoicism

Temple of Fortuna Virilis, Temple of Fortuna Virilis, Rome, late 2nd c. B.C. Rome, late 2nd c. B.C.

Roman EntertainmentRoman Entertainment

LudiLudi: the Games : the Games of Rome of Rome

Circus MaximusCircus Maximus Wild animals: Wild animals:

killing sportkilling sport Gladiatorial Gladiatorial

contestscontests Chariot RacesChariot Races

Roman RevolutionRoman Revolution Divisions in wealthDivisions in wealth Tiberius Gracchus: Tiberius Gracchus:

land redistributionland redistribution Optimates vs. Optimates vs.

PopularesPopulares Gaius GracchusGaius Gracchus1.1. Problem of Problem of

extortionextortion2.2. Price of grainPrice of grain

Roman Revolution Roman Revolution (continued)(continued)

Social Wars: ally Social Wars: ally demandsdemands

Gaius Marius: Gaius Marius: reorganizing the reorganizing the armyarmy

SullaSulla1.1. 81 BCE: Dictator81 BCE: Dictator2.2. Power of tribunes Power of tribunes

decreaseddecreased

Julius Caesar: Julius Caesar: The End of the RepublicThe End of the Republic

The First The First Triumvirate: Triumvirate: Pompey, Crassus, Pompey, Crassus, CaesarCaesar

Military conquestMilitary conquest The Senate vs. The Senate vs.

Caesar: Civil WarCaesar: Civil War Caesar as Dictator Caesar as Dictator Assassination + Assassination +

more civil warmore civil war Peter Paul Rubens, 16Peter Paul Rubens, 16thth C C

Julius Caesar: Julius Caesar: The End of the Republic The End of the Republic

(continued)(continued) The Second The Second

Triumvirate:Triumvirate:Antony, Octavian, Antony, Octavian,

LepidusLepidus Consuls + Senate: loss Consuls + Senate: loss

of powerof power Allocation of powerAllocation of power Battle of Actium (31 Battle of Actium (31

BCE)BCE) Victory to Octavian: Victory to Octavian:

Republic to EmpireRepublic to Empire

What do you need to What do you need to know?know?

Political elements of the republic: role + purposePolitical elements of the republic: role + purpose Patricians vs. plebeians: struggle of the orders, Patricians vs. plebeians: struggle of the orders,

outcomes?outcomes? Imperialistic strategy: compromise + assimilationImperialistic strategy: compromise + assimilation Roman social hierarchyRoman social hierarchy Roman religion: what is adopted from Greeks? Roman religion: what is adopted from Greeks?

Tolerance vs. suppressionTolerance vs. suppression Philosophy: Lucretius + CiceroPhilosophy: Lucretius + Cicero Tiberius + Gaius Gracchus: What did they do? Tiberius + Gaius Gracchus: What did they do?

Results?Results? Caesar: major accomplishments and outcomesCaesar: major accomplishments and outcomes