Lecture_4 - Conflict and NR

8/3/2019 Lecture_4 - Conflict and NR

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World News

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Homework for Today Environmental Conflict, Chapter 3, Causal

Pathways to Conflict pp.36 -57 NOTE: You are not

responsible for the Research Design Section inthe chapter you can skip this part unless itinterests you. ( Text )

Shlomi Dinar, Chpt. 1 Resource Scarcity andEnvironmental Degradation p.3 25 ( Text )

From Conflict to Peacebuilding (Link) UN Study Series on Peace and Conflict, READ ONLY

pp.1-16 (Link)

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Natural Resources Natural resources are actual or potential sources of

wealth that occur in a natural state, such as timber,

water, fertile land, wildlife, minerals, metals, stones, and hydrocarbons. A natural resource qualifies as a renewable resource if

it is replenished by natural processes at a rate

comparable to its rate of consumption by humans orother users.

A natural resource is considered non-renewable when itexists in a fixed amount, or when it cannot beregenerated on a scale comparative to its consumption.

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Ecosystems Services Ecosystem services: An ecosystem is a dynamic complex

of plant, animal and micro-organism communities, andthe non-living environment interacting as a functional

unit.

These include provisioning services such as food,water, timber, and fibre; regulating services that affectclimate, floods, disease, wastes, and water quality;cultural services that provide recreational, aesthetic,and spiritual benefits; and supporting services such as

soil formation, photosynthesis, and nutrient cycling.

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Types of Natural Resources Drinkable water Bodies of water

Land Timber Oil and Gas Minerals

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Hauge and Ellingsen: Causal Pathwaysto Conflict

What is the main purpose of this article? What are theytrying to explore and explain?

What interested you most about this article?

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Scarcity (note this is review) The concept of environmental scarcity is composed

of three dimensions:

(1) Supply-induced scarcity exists when resources arereduced and degraded faster than they are renewed (2) Demand-induced scarcity is created by population

growth and increase per capita consumption. (3) Resource are inequitably distributed when they are

concentrated in the hands of a few people while theremaining population suffers from resource shortages.This is referred to as structural scarcity .

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Sources and Consequences of Environmental Scarcity

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The main conclusion? Countries suffering from environmental degradation

and in particular from land degradation are moreprone to civil conflict. However, economic factors arefar more important in predicting domestic armedconflict ahn are environmental factors. 54

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What are the important interveningvariables identified in this chapter?

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Scarcity and ConflictImportant Intervening Variables between scarcity and

conflict are:

Decreased agricultural production Decreased economic activity Migration Weakened States

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Beyond Resource Wars: Resource Scarcity andEnvironmental Degradation Analyzing International Conflictand Cooperation

This volume asserts that while resource scarcity and environmental degradation may well constitute sourcesof conflict, political dispute, and mismanagement between states, they may also be the impetus for cooperation, coordination, and negotiation betweenthem.

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Main Argument of the Book Focuses at the international level - INTERstate Increasing scarcity and degradation induce cooperation

across states Refutes the resource wars argument Argues that scarcity and degradation ALONE cannot

explain cooperation, there are other factors influencing

INTERstate cooperation

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Group Discussion1. What are the implications if natural resource scarcity

catalyses cooperation instead of conflict at theinternational level?

2. Do you think Hauge and Ellingsen would agree withDinar? Why or why not?

3. What are the differences between interstate and

intrastate ?4. Do you think it is possible that some resources are

more conducive to cooperation than others? If so,which ones? If not, why not?

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United Nations Environment Program Report(2009)

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Darfur Sudan Case StudyPS138

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Peacebuilding How can natural resources contribute to peacebuilding?

Through economic development The generation of employment Cooperation over the management of shared natural

resources provides new opportunities forpeacebuilding.

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Peacebuilding Integrating environment and natural resources into

peacebuilding is no longer an option it is a securityimperative.

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Three principle pathways of the relationship between

natural resources, the environment &conflict What are the causal pathways identified in the report?

a) Contributing to the outbreak of conflict b) Financing and sustaining conflict c) Undermining peacemaking

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Natural resources and the environment contribute

to the outbreak of conflict in three main ways. What are they?1.Conflicts can occur over the fair apportioning of

wealth derived from high - value extractive resourceslike minerals, metals, stones, hydrocarbons and timber.2.Conflicts also occur over the direct use of scarce

resources including land, forests, water and wildlife

3.Countries whose economies are dependent on theexport of a narrow set of primary commodities aremore likely to be politically fragile

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What are the UNEP recommendations to theUN Peacebuilding Commission forintegrating environment and naturalresources issues into peacebuildinginterventions and conflict prevention?

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1. Further develop UN capacities for early warning and early

action 2. Improve oversight and protection of natural resources during

conflicts 3. Address natural resources and the environment as part of the

peacemaking and peacekeeping process 4. Include natural resources and environmental issues into

integrated peacebuilding strategies 5. Carefully harness natural resources for economic recovery:

Natural resources can only help strengthen the post-wareconomy and contribute to economic recovery if they aremanaged well.

6. Capitalize on the potential for environmental cooperation to

contribute to peacebuilding

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Questions?

Fall 2010PS138Lecture #5 Introduction to Conflictand Natural Resources

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Homework for next class Tuesday September 20, 2011. The Stakeholders in

Natural Resources.

Preventing Deadly Conflict, Chapter 5:http://www.wilsoncenter.org/subsites/ccpdc/pubs/rept97/finfr.htm

GROUPS FINALIZED NEXT WEEK Review theoptions available and come to class next week with a1st and second choice.

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http://www.wilsoncenter.org/subsites/ccpdc/pubs/rept97/finfr.htmhttp://www.wilsoncenter.org/subsites/ccpdc/pubs/rept97/finfr.htmhttp://www.wilsoncenter.org/subsites/ccpdc/pubs/rept97/finfr.htmhttp://www.wilsoncenter.org/subsites/ccpdc/pubs/rept97/finfr.htm

Lecture_4 - Conflict and NR

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