Lecture2 Introduction Unconventional Gas v5 Jan 2011

UNCONVENTIONAL GAS EXPLOITATION January 19, 2011 ROBERTO AGUILERA SCHULICH SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY ENPE 573 CALGARY, JAN-APRIL 2011

General Aspects of the Course Fourth Year Technical Elective (ENPE 573) First Offering Winter Term 2007 (Jan to Apr). This is the fifth offering Offered to full time undergraduate and graduate students, unclassified students Classes held in the evening once a week for 3 hours (Wednesday 7 to 10 p.m.) Lectures, Assignments, Midterm Exam, Final Exam, Term Project. Assignments-quizzes 15%, Term paper 15%, Mid-term (March 2) 30%, Final Exam (April 13) 40%.

UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY, ENPE 573

2

Will natural gas be more attractive? This administration (Obama, USA) will be very favorably inclined to try to do something about introducing natural gas into the transportation network in a more aggressive way than what has happened in the past four to eight years Chesapeake Chief Executive Aubrey McClendon (2009)UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY, ENPE 573 3

UNCONVENTIONAL GAS Gas contained in formations from which it is difficult to produce without some extraordinary completion, stimulation and development practices (adapted from SPE and PTAC).UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY, ENPE 573 4

Common Threads of Unconventional Gas: Tight gas, coalbed methane and shale gas reservoirs contain natural fractures. Tight gas, coalbed methane and shale gas reservoirs contain very large volumes of natural gas (OGIP). The largest volume by far is in gas hydrates. Tight gas, coalbed methane, shale gas and hydrate reservoirs have very low gas recoveries (most likely in the order of 2 to 10%). Larger in sweet spots. Most well testing and production decline analysis methods published in the literature ignore the presence of natural fractures and use equations developed for single porosity reservoirs.UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY, ENPE 573 5

GFREEA multidisciplinary integration of: Geoscience (G) Formation evaluation, petrophysics-well testing (F) Reservoir drilling, completion and stimulation (R) Reservoir engineering (RE) Economics and externalities (EE)For the purpose of producing gas economically from tight gas sands in Canada (and eventually the world)


6

Gas Hydrates

(C) SERVIPETROL LTD., Calgary, Canada, 2009

7

Deep Basin, Canada (Source: Brian Zaitlin, 2007)

CYCLE OF THERMAL EXPANSION GENERATES INTERNAL STRESSESBillingsley and Kuuskraa, 2006

Slot Porosity

Grain

Grain

Grain

ORIGINAL PACKING

MAXIMUM BURIAL MOST POROSITY HAS BEEN DESTROYED(C) SERVIPETROL LTD., Calgary, Canada, 2009

COOLING AND UPLIFTING CREATES GRAIN-BOUNDING FRACTURES9

Contractional (diagenetic fractures)


10

Pyrite (dodecahedral)

GFREE RESEARCH PROJECT

Wikipedia

Permafrost (Wikipedia)


12

Contractional Fractures (Source: Nelson)


13

Summertime view of polygons, highlighted by dark, windblown sand, on the floor of a Mars crater at 71.2S, 282.6W. The image, E12-02319, was obtained on 21 January 2002.


14

SCIENCE & SPACEUniverse is Finite, "Soccer Ball"-Shaped, Study Hints Sean Markey National Geographic News October 8, 2003 What is the shape of the universe? possible answer: The universe is finite and bears a rough resemblance to a soccer ball or, more accurately, a dodecahedron, a 12-sided volume bounded by pentagons.

Hydrogen accounts for approximately 75% of the universes mass and is the most abundant of all elements.


15

31st IAEE International Conference

Roberto F. Aguilera

June 20, 2008

THE DEBATESOME EXPERTS PREDICT SCARCITY IN THE NEAR FUTURE

the pessimistsUNIVERSITY OF CALGARY, ENPE 573 16


Roberto F. Aguilera

June 20, 2008

THE DEBATEthe pessimists


17


Roberto F. Aguilera

June 20, 2008

THE DEBATEOTHER EXPERTS ARE NOT WORRIED the optimists

The EIA supply model is fantasy land. We are now in the process of destroying the U.S. gas industry (Hart Webinar series, April 30, 2009)UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY, ENPE 573 19

Expert Matthew Simmons August 21, 2003 Well, I know you understand it, but people need to understand the concept of peaking and irreversible decline. It's a sharper issue with gas, which doesn't follow a bell curve but tends to fall off a cliff. Pray for no hurricanes and to stop the erosion of natural gas supplies. Under the best of circumstances, if all prayers are answered there will be no crisis for maybe two years. After that it's a certainty.UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY, ENPE 573 20

Simmonds Statement Aug 2003

fall off a cliff, irreversible decline?


21

Simmonds Statement Aug 2003


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The power of forecasting gas rates Panic in the US In the 70s. They thought They were running Out of gasPer year

Recent

FPC= Federal Power Commission

UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY, Adapted from Robert Hefner III ENPE 573

23

The power of forecasting gas prices

Recent


24

OPINIONSAs Mark Twain might have put it, there are three kinds of lies -- lies, damned lies and global warming science MAYBE? (http://www.spectator.co.uk/melan iephillips/3332616/that-famousconsensus.thtml).UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY, ENPE 573 26

Unconventional gas accounts for 45% of US annual production


27

Canada: We should be able to reverse the trend with unconventional gas (CSUG, 2008)


28

Distribution of world proved (conventional natural gas) reserves 1988, 1998, 2008

3874 Trillion cf

5226 Trillion cf

6533 Trillion cf

2009 BP Statistical Review of World EnergyUNIVERSITY OF CALGARY, ENPE 573 29

2009 BP Statistical Review of World EnergyProved reserves at end 2008 Trillion cubic metres


31

World Petroleum Congress, 2008CONVENTIONAL GAS ENDOWMENT. USGS (2000) EXCLUDES PROVINCES OF USA. USGS (1995) AND MMS (1996) ASSESSES PROVINCES OF USA. VSD = VARIABLE SHAPE DISTRIBUTION (Source: R. F. Aguilera, CSM, 2006)Pareto Distribution

10000

CUMULATIVE NUMBER OF PROVINCES

1000

USGS (2000) for 136 provinces = 10,179 tcf

VSD for 136 provinces = 10,198 tcf (R2=0.98)

100

10

1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000 100000000

CONVENTIONAL GAS ENDOWMENT (BCF)UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY, ENPE 573 32


10000


USGS (2000) for 136 provinces = 10,179 tcf

1000VSD for 136 provinces = 10,198 tcf (R2=0.98)


100

10

1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000 100000000



10000


USGS (2000) for 136 provinces = 10,179 tcf VSD for 136 provinces = 10,198 tcf (R2=0.98)

1000

USGS (1995, 2000) and MMS (1996) data for 216 provinces = 11,644 tcf VSD for 216 provinces = 11,378 tcf (R2=0.98) 15 tight gas provinces in U.S. and Canada

100

10

1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000 100000000


World Petroleum Congress, 2008CONVENTIONAL GAS ENDOWMENT. USGS (2000) EXCLUDES PROVINCES OF USA. USGS (1995) AND MMS (1996) ASSESSES PROVINCES OF USA. VSD = VARIABLE SHAPE DISTRIBUTION (Source: R. F. Aguilera, CSM, 2006)Pareto Distribution USGS (2000) for 136 provinces = 10,179 tcf VSD for 136 provinces = 10,198 tcf (R2=0.98)

10000


1000

USGS (1995, 2000) and MMS (1996) data for 216 provinces = 11,644 tcf VSD for 216 provinces = 11,378 tcf (R2=0.98) VSD for 937 provinces = 15,079 tcf 15 tight gas provinces in U.S. and Canada

100

10

1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000 100000000

CONVENTIONAL GAS ENDOWMENT (BCF)

F13, Non-conventional gas Title: Natural Gas Production from Tight Gas Formations: A Global Perspective

Gas Endowment vs. Rock Quality


Geologic Support Tight gas reservoirs should occur in all or nearly all petroleum provinces of the world, Salvador, AAPG Studies in Geology # 54, 2005. Tight gas reservoirs are present in almost every petroleum province and occur at very shallow to very deep depth, Rogner, IIASA. Organic black shales should occur in almost all petroleum provinces of the world, and gas production from such rocks in time should be developed in many other countries, Salvador, AAPG Studies in Geology # 54, 2005.GFREE RESEARCH PROJECT

216 USGS and MMS assessed provinces (Discovery process)CONVENTIONAL GAS ENDOWMENT. USGS (2000) EXCLUDES PROVINCES OF USA. USGS (1995) AND MMS (1996) ASSESSES PROVINCES OF USA.10000


USGS (1995, 2000) and MMS (1996) data for 216 provinces = 11,644 tcf

1000

15 tight gas provinces in U.S. and Canada

100

10

1 1.E+00

1.E+01

1.E+02

1.E+03

1.E+04

1.E+05

1.E+06

1.E+07

1.E+08



Adapted from R. F. Aguilera, CSM, 2006

216 USGS assessed provinces & VSD Conventional gasCONVENTIONAL GAS ENDOWMENT. USGS (2000) EXCLUDES PROVINCES OF USA. USGS (1995) AND MMS (1996) ASSESSES PROVINCES OF USA.10000



1000VSD for 216 provinces = 11,378 tcf (R2=0.98)

100


10

1 1.E+00

1.E+01

1.E+02

1.E+03

1.E+04

1.E+05

1.E+06

1.E+07

1.E+08



Adapted from R. F. Aguilera, CSM, 2006 VSD = Variable Shape Distribution Model

216 USGS assessed provinces & VSD Conventional gas + tight gasCONVENTIONAL GAS ENDOWMENT. USGS (2000) EXCLUDES PROVINCES OF USA. USGS (1995) AND MMS (1996) ASSESSES PROVINCES OF USA.10000





100

VSD Conventional and tight gas=22,756 TCF

10

1 1.E+00

1.E+01

1.E+02

1.E+03

1.E+04

1.E+05

1.E+06

1.E+07

1.E+08




216 USGS assessed provinces & VSD Conventional + tight + shale gasCONVENTIONAL GAS ENDOWMENT. USGS (2000) EXCLUDES PROVINCES OF USA. USGS (1995) AND MMS (1996) ASSESSES PROVINCES OF USA.10000USGS (1995, 2000) and MMS (1996) data for 216 provinces = 11,644 tcf VSD for 216 provinces = 11,378 tcf (R2=0.98)




100

VSD Conv, tight and shael gas = 30,341 TCF

10

1 1.E+00

1.E+01

1.E+02

1.E+03

1.E+04

1.E+05

1.E+06

1.E+07

1.E+08




216 USGS assessed provinces & VSD Conventional + tight + shale gas + CBMCONVENTIONAL GAS ENDOWMENT. USGS (2000) EXCLUDES PROVINCES OF USA. USGS (1995) AND MMS (1996) ASSESSES PROVINCES OF USA.10000USGS (1995, 2000) and MMS (1996) data for 216 provinces = 11,644 tcf VSD for 216 provinces = 11,378 tcf (R2=0.98)


1000



VSD Conv, tight and shael gas = 30,341 TCF

100

VSD Conv, tight, shale and CBM=34,134 TCF

10

1 1.E+00

1.E+01

1.E+02

1.E+03

1.E+04

1.E+05

1.E+06

1.E+07

1.E+08




216 USGS + 721 VSD = 937 provinces Conventional + tight + shale gas + CBMCONVENTIONAL GAS ENDOWMENT. USGS (2000) EXCLUDES PROVINCES OF USA. USGS (1995) AND MMS (1996) ASSESSES PROVINCES OF USA.10000USGS (1995, 2000) and MMS (1996) data for 216 provinces = 11,644 tcf VSD for 216 provinces = 11,378 tcf (R2=0.98)


VSD for 937 provinces = 15,079 tcf 15 tight gas provinces in U.S. and Canada

1000

VSD Conv and tight gas = 22,756 TCF VSD Conv, tight and shale gas =30,341 TCF VSD Conv, tight, shale, CBM=34,134 TCF VSD Conv and tight gas=30,159 TCF VSD Conv and tight gas = 40,212 TCF VSD Conv tight shale CBM = 45,238 TCF

100

10

1 1.E+00

1.E+01

1.E+02

1.E+03

1.E+04

1.E+05

1.E+06

1.E+07

1.E+08




GAS RESOURCE PYRAMID (Aguilera et al, WPC, 2008)

Reservoir Rock1000 md

EndowmentIncreasing:Production Costs and Prices Activation Indexes Decreasing: Delivery Speed (k / )

Present

10 md

0.1 md Unconventional Gas

Pore Throat Apertures

Research

TimeTight Gas CBM

Future

Shales Gas

Gas Hydrates

Bottom of Resource Pyramid UnknownUNIVERSITY OF CALGARY, ENPE 573 Adapted 44

from Gray, Masters

Useful to Remember: Energy density: The amount of energy that can be contained in a unit of volume, area or mass. Common units: Btu/gallon and Joule/Kg. Power: The rate at which work gets done (a measure of energy flow). Common units: Energy / time, watt = joule / sec, kilowatts. Power density: The amount of power that can be harnessed in a unit of volume, area or mass. Common units: HP / inch3, watts / kg, watts / m2 (useful to compare renewable energy sources vs. other sources),UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY, ENPE 573 45

WORLD POPULATION AND PRIMARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION1000Actual world consumption, Quads Actual million BTU/yr per capita Calculated world population, billion Actual world population, billion

1000

100

100

10

10

GEM, 20071 1850 1870 1890 1910 1930 1950 1970 1990 2010 1 2030

YEAR

F13, Non-conventional gas Title: Natural Gas Production from Tight Gas Formations: A Global Perspective

SPE 110215, 2007

GEM WORLD PRIMARY ENERGY SUBSTITUTION1 Gases-calculated Oil-calculated 0.8 Wood-calculated Coal calculated Nuclear calculated 0.6 Hydro calculated

f, fraction of total market

Includes Unconventional gas0.4

0.2

0 1850

1875

1900

1925

1950

1975

2000

2025

YEARUNIVERSITY OF CALGARY, ENPE 573

SPE 110215, 2007

47

GEM WORLD PRIMARY ENERGY SUBSTITUTION1 Measured Gases-calculated 0.8 Oil-calculated Wood-calculated Coal calculated Nuclear calculated 0.6 Hydro calculated


Includes Unconventional gas0.4

0.2

0 1850

1875

1900

1925

1950

1975

2000

2025

YEARUNIVERSITY OF CALGARY, ENPE 573

SPE 110215, 2007

48

WORLD GEM SUBSTITUTION CURVES, SOLIDS-LIQUIDS-GASES

Source: Aguilera and Aguilera, SPE 110215, 20071

0.8


0.6

Solids-calculated Gases-calculated Liquids-calculated Solids-measured Gases-measured Liquids-measured

0.4

0.2

0 1850

1875

1900

1925

1950

1975

2000

2025

YEAR

WORLD H to C RATIO100

RATIO OF HYDROGEN TO CARBON

More convenience, more cleanliness, more comfort A reasonable proxy for environmental quality10 CH4 = 4 : 1 Oil = 2 : 1 1 Coal = 0.5 : 1 0.1 Wood = 0.1 : 1Historical

0.01 1800

1850

1900

1950 YEARS

2000

2050

2100


SPE 114952, 2008

50



Non-fossil H2 10 CH4 = 4 : 1 Oil = 2 : 1 1 Coal = 0.5 : 1 0.1 Wood = 0.1 : 1Historical

Grubler Hydrogen economy

0.01 1800

1850

1900

1950 YEARS

2000

2050

2100


SPE 114952, 2008

51



Non-fossil H2 10 CH4 = 4 : 1 Oil = 2 : 1 1 Coal = 0.5 : 1 0.1 Wood = 0.1 : 1Historical Grubler Hydrogen economy GEM Methane economy

Methane Economy

0.01 1800

1850

1900

1950 YEARS

2000

2050

2100


SPE 114952, 2008

52



Non-fossil H2 10 CH4 = 4 : 1 Oil = 2 : 1 1 Coal = 0.5 : 1Historical

0.1

Wood = 0.1 : 1

Grubler Hydrogen economy GEM Hydrogen economy GEM Methane economy

0.01 1800

1850

1900

1950 YEARS

2000

2050

2100


SPE 114952, 2008

53



Non-fossil H2 10 CH4 = 4 : 1 Oil = 2 : 1 1 Coal = 0.5 : 1Historical

0.1

Wood = 0.1 : 1

Grubler Hydrogen economy GEM Hydrogen economy GEM Methane economy GEM Coal economy

0.01 1800

1850

1900

1950 YEARS

2000

2050

2100


SPE 114952, 2008

54

WORLD GAS CONSUMPTION AND FORECAST700 GEM MODEL 600 ACTUAL IIASA BP STATISTICS 500 EIA MODEL IEA MODEL

INCLUDES UNCONVENTIONAL GAS

BILLION CF/D

400

300

200

100

0 1910

1930

1950

1970

1990

2010

2030

YEARS

F13, Non-conventional gas, World Petroleum Congress, Aguilera et al, 2008 Title: Natural Gas Production from Tight Gas Formations: A Global Perspective

Main Topics

Tight Gas Sands (nfr) Shale Gas (nfr) Coal Bed Methane (nfr) Natural Gas HydratesUNIVERSITY OF CALGARY, ENPE 573 56

NATURAL FRACTUREA DISCONTINUITY THAT RESULTS FROM STRESSES THAT EXCEED THE RUPTURE STRENGTH OF THE ROCK (STEARNS, 1990)UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY, ENPE 573 57

Total Petroleum System (TPS) DefinitionThe TPS is the essential elements (source, reservoir, seal, and overburden rocks) and processes (generationmigration-accumulation and trap formation) - all genetically related to petroleum, both discovered and undiscovered, whose provenance is a pod(s) of active source rock. Magoon and Schmoker (2000)UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY, ENPE 573 58

PETROLEUM PROVINCE It is a USGS defined area having characteristic dimensions of hundreds to thousands of kilometers encompassing a natural geologic entity (for example, sedimentary basin, thrust belt, delta) or some combination of contiguous geologic entities. The USGS recognizes 937 petroleum provinces throughout the world.UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY, ENPE 573 59

TIGH GAS SANDS


60

TIGHT GAS SANDS The major differences between tight and conventional production arise because of the poor permeability of tight reservoirs. In a tight reservoir, the natural gas cannot flow as quickly to the well or in sufficient volumes to be economical. Historically tight gas sands have been recognized because of permeabilities equal to or smaller than 0.1 md (Source: Center for Energy).UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY, ENPE 573 61

Petroleum Provinces with Tight Gas Formations. These Provinces Also Produce Conventional Gas.

OGIP = 1,500 tcf

OGIP = 5,000 tcf

Map Sources: PTAC (2006) and Holditch (2001)

CONTINUOUS ACCUMULATIONSSchmoker, 2005

those oil or gas accumulations that have large spatial dimensions and indistinctly defined boundaries, and which exist more or less independently of the water column. low matrix permeabilities in close proximity to reservoir rocks a collection of gas charged cells. The gas production capabilities change from cell to cell.UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY, ENPE 573 63

TIGHT GAS FORMATIONS

60.000


64

Conventional vs. Continuous Type Accumulations


65


66

UNITED STATES ANALOGS Tight Gas Production per Year

Bureau of Economic Geology, U of Texas (circa 2000) UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY, ENPE 573 67

GFREE HYPOTHESIS: Natural fractures will play a key role in Canadian tight gas sands

1986

2004


68

Material Balance in Dual-Porosity, Dual Permeability Tight Gas Sand


69

Zaitlin and Moslow (2006)

Compare with: National Energy Board, 1999 Resources: 89 and 1500 Tscf (CAPP Glossary, 2006) Cumulative Canadian conventional gas: 140 Tscf

Compare with GFREE tight Gas endowment for the world: 15,100 Tscf


70

COAL BED METHANE


71

Alberta is the only province with commercial production of CBM but there is potential in many parts of BC, Saskatchewan and Nova Scotia (CSUG, 2008)


72

Coal is the most abundant energy source in the world, and it is a major source of hydrocarbons, particularly gas.UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY, ENPE 573 73


74

Typical Production Curve in U.S. Coal Bed Methane Reservoirs


75

COAL BED METHANE (Swf=100%)


76

COAL BED METHANE (Swf=0%)


77

COAL BED METHANE IN ALBERTA In 2001, the first commercial CBM production in Canada was established in the dry Horseshoe Canyon/Belly River coals of central Alberta. Today, there are more than 6,000 CBM wells (updated to 12,000 wells in 2008) in Alberta.Source: PTAC Unconventional Gas Technology Roadmap (2006)


78

OGIP and POSSIBLE GAS RATES With as much as an estimated 550 Tcf of gas-inplace, the CBM potential of Canadian coals now rivals American coals, and the National Energy Board (NEB) estimates Canadian CBM production will reach more than 2 Bcf/day in the next two decades, some 12% of current total Canadian gas production.Source: PTAC Unconventional Gas Technology Roadmap (2006)


79

Compare with (in Canada): PTAC, 2006 CBM OGIP = 550 Tscf

CSUG, 2008 CBM OGIP = 528 TscfCumulative conventional Gas in Canada = 140 Tscf


80

SHALE GASUNIVERSITY OF CALGARY, ENPE 573 81

Canada Shale Gas (CSUG, 2008)


82

U.S. Shale Gas (CSUG, 2008)


83

ERCB defines shale in Section 1.020(2) 27.1 of the Oil and Gas Conservation Regulations (OGCR) as a:

lithostratigraphic unit having less than 50% by weight organic matter, with: less than 10% of the sedimentary clasts having a grain size greater than 62.5 micrometers; and more than 10% of the sedimentary clasts having a grain size less than 4 micrometers.(C) SERVIPETROL LTD., Calgary, Canada, 2009 84

SHALE GAS Adapted from: Centre for EnergyTM

The gas shales are often both the source rocks and the reservoir for the natural gas, which is stored in four ways: adsorbed onto insoluble organic matter called kerogen trapped in the pore spaces of the fine-grained sediments interbedded with the shale confined in fractures within the shale itself Pore network within the organic matter or kerogen (Ruppeil and Loucks, 2008)UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY, ENPE 573 85

Basic X-ray diffraction studies reveal that besides clay minerals, quartz, feldspars, carbonates, phosphates, and pyrite are also common in Mud rocks (Ruppel, Loucks, 2008)

Future: Better than anticipated because of the presence of natural fractures (some cemented, some not). Hydraulic fracturing is required. Global Technically Recoverable Reserves: 10,000+ tcf (GFREE estimate)

COLORADO SHALE (CANADA)Porosity in Organic Matter

SEM Imaging , thin section Colorado Shale (courtesy D. Rokosh, ERCB, SPE 137795)

Difference Between Tight Gas Sands and Shale GasIn tight gas sands, grains of sands are cemented together tightly leading to small permeabilities and pore throat apertures. As a result production rates are very small. Content of shale within these sands can be very small. In shale gas, the gas is stored is shale layers. Parts of the gas is stored as free gas in fractures, pores within the rock and pores within the organic matter (kerogen). Parts of the gas is adsorbed in kerogen.


88

WELL: VILLEROY 2 (Utica Shale, Quebec)

SPE 7445


89

SORPTIONA process by which the molecules of one substance are taken up by another substance. Absorption refers to the process of the penetration of one material into another. Adsorption refers to the action of one material being collected on another's surface.UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY, ENPE 573 90

SORPTION-DIFFUSION CAN IMPROVE RECOVERY IN FRACTURED SHALES THIS WILL DEPEND PRIMARILY ON THE INITIAL GAS CONCENTRATION IN THE SHALE (EX. 2.7 CC/GR) AND THE DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT (EX. 1.0E-07 cm2/sec)UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY, ENPE 573 91

Source: Naturally Fractured Reservoirs (Aguilera, PennWell Books, 1980, 1995)


92

Compare with: CSUG (2008): OGIP > 1,500 Tscf Cumulative conventional Gas in Canada = 140 Tscf


93

NATURAL GAS HYDRATES


94

NATURAL GAS HYDRATES Gas hydrates, also known as clathrates, are frozen, crystalline solids comprising gas molecules contained within a lattice of water molecules. The most common form of gas hydrate is methane hydrate, but other gas molecules include ethane, propane, butane, isobutane, pentane, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulphide. Several different structures are known.Source: Centre for EnergyTMUNIVERSITY OF CALGARY, ENPE 573 95

Gas Hydrates


96

CSUG, 2008


97


98

Pooladi-Darvish, 2007

Refer to: http://www.fekete.com/resources/media/vi deos/video09/index.htm for an excellent natural gas hydrates video presentation


99

Photograph of gas hydrate demonstrating that the methane within the ice matrix will burn when lit. Gas hydrate consists of a mixture of methane gas trapped within a water lattice that is frozen in place. Hydrates concentrate 160 times more methane in the same space as free gas at atmospheric pressure (Source: Report to U.S. Congress, Energy Police Act of 2005)


100

Artic and Marine Hydrates


101


102

Pooladi-Darvish, 2007

Global Energy Resources Gas hydrates bigger than all other sources combined Gas hydrates: 53% Fossil fuels: 27% Land, soil, biota: 15% Ocean: 5% Atmosphere: almost nothingUNIVERSITY OF CALGARY, ENPE 573 103


104

UNCONVENTIONAL GAS IN PLACE


105

GFREE TEAM, Endowment Cum gas + reserves + Undiscovered gas

5,000

10,000 15,000


106

Compressors: Try to minimize noise disturbance using special baffles and mufflers (CSUG, 2008)Always keep a careful eye on the Environment!


107

CONCLUSION THERE ARE SIGNIFICANT VOLUMES OF UNCONVENTIONAL GAS IN PLACE IN CANADA AND THROUGHOUT THE WORLD. ESTIMATED RECOVERIES AT PRESENT RANGE BETWEEN 2 AND 10% OF THE OGIP. WITH ADDITIONAL RESEARCH, THESE RECOVERIES SHOULD INCREASE SIGNIFICANTLY.UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY, ENPE 573 108

Homework Get familiar with the website of CSUG and print maps (color not necessary. Black and white is fine) showing lateral distribution of tight gas, shale gas and coalbed methane for Alberta (3 separate maps). Get familiar with the website of BP statistical review of world energy 2009. Develop a crossplot for the world of natural gas production rate between 1970 and 2008. Print it in black and white.UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY, ENPE 573 109

Lecture2 Introduction Unconventional Gas v5 Jan 2011

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