Lecture+2-Aviation+Human+Factor+(Flight+Physiology)

8/9/2019 Lecture+2-Aviation+Human+Factor+(Flight+Physiology)

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LECTURE 2: FLIGHT 1

Aviation Human Factors


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LECTURE 2: FLIGHT

Learning Objectives

By end of this session, you will be able to: Understand how the body and mind can

be a ected in ight as well as why theyare a ected in ight Be !nowledgeable about the "hysiology

of the body in the ight environment


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#hy $m"ortant% &light "hysiology and human factors

both have an im"act on ight

'ore than () "ercent of aviationaccidents and incidents are in someway related to human factors

An accident is one incident too many *o accident occurs without a series

of incidents ha""ening beforehand


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What is Ph sio!o" #

+he study of human systemsintegrated functions and the

"rocesses by which they maintainthe body functions


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&light "hysiology &light "hysiology is how the body and mind

wor! in the ying environment $t includes

- .ow our organs function,- #hat !ee"s them from functioning in aabnormal environment,

- #hat the "ilot can do to "rotect these functionsbefore and during ight

&light "hysiology, therefore, is an integral"art of human factors and safe ight, and ithas a direct e ect on human "erformance


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/emember 0nowing ight "hysiology, being aware

of its e ects on "erformance, andmaintaining a high inde1 of sus"icionwhen "erformance becomes "oor willcontinue to ma!e everyone a betterand safer "ilot

2us"icion 3 a feeling that something is"ossible


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2.4LL 'odel 'odel develo"ed by $56O +his model e1"lain why the "hysiology of

ight is im"ortant, since the human

element is obviously crucial and centraland every as"ect of "hysiology will a ectevery other interaction as de7ned in themodel

.uman factors are how these interfacesand interactions ultimately a ect"erformance


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HH

LLSS EE

LL

2.4LL 'O84L

S $ So%t&ar' ()roc'*ur's+ *ocum'ntation,H $ Har*&ar' (t'chno!o" + machin'+

'-ui)m'nt,E $ Environm'nt (&'ath'r+ t'm)'ratur'+ nois'L $ Liv'&ar' (human,

L$ L I . E W A R E(Human,

5ore of the modelcom"rised of humano"erators , most e1ibleand critical com"onentin the system


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Objectives of Understanding&light 9hysiology

To )r'v'nt inca)acitation orim)airm'nt , whether mental or "hysical

Incapacitation inca"able of "erforminge1"ected normal activity

/'nta! inca)acitation is the min*0sina1i!it to use "ro"er u*"m'nt ,r'asonin"+ and *'cision ma3in"4


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$nca"acitation

Beyond that, m'nta! inca)acitation turnsinto 5n'uro!o"ica!6 inca)acitation ,whereby the si"na!s %rom th' 1rain %ai! tous' th' s'nsor in%ormation an* *ata%rom th' ' 's+ 'ars+ touch+ sm'!!+ an*th' !i3'4

Ph sica! inca)acitation refers to the1o* 0s ina1i!it to function in an e1"ected

way +he 'n* r'su!t of both mental mind; and"hysical body; inca"acitations is an unsa%'an* )oor! )'r%ormin" )i!ot4


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.uman Body 2ystem


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.uman Body 2ystem /es"iratory 2ystem 5irculatory 2ystem

*ervous 2ystem Brain;


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/es"iratory 2ystem Respiration is the e1change of gases

between the body and its tissues andthe outside ambient air

+he main objective of res"iration isto add o1ygen and remove carbondio1ide


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&unctions of /es"iratory2ystem

$nta!e of O1ygen

/emoval of 5arbon 8io1ide

'aintenance of body heat balance

'aintenance of body acid base balance


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Active PhaseINHALATION

Passive Phase

EXHALATION

Breathing in Breathing out

/es"iration

air in ates the lungs

diaphragmdescends

air is forced out

diaphragmrelax


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#hat is the

functions of.uman Lung%


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+he Lung &unction of Lung: +o trans"ort of o1ygen to the rest of body 41change o1ygen O = and 5arbon 8io1ide 5O =


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+he Lung #ithin the red blood cell, there is

.emoglobin , which function ass"ecialiCed o1ygen trans"ort systemthat allows far more o1ygen to becarried by blood

6t high altitude, we need to increaserate and de"th of breathing in orderto get enough o1ygen into our lung


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4 ects of reduced 9ressure 6s the "ressure decreases at high

altitude the movement of o1ygeninto the blood is im"aired

+he result is hy"o1ia , or o1ygende"rivation


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.y"o1ia 2tate of blood when it has an not

enough su""ly of o1ygen for thereDuirements of the tissues and bodycells

+his can cause im"airment of bodyfunction es"ecially brain

8eath will follow if o1ygen lac!continues


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ALTITUDE PRESSURE

FEET mm/HG ATMOSPHERES

0 7 0 !

!"#000 $"0 !/%

$ !'0 !/&

&"#000 '( !/"

$#000 &7 !/!

9ressure 8ecrease #ith

6ltitude


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9ressure 8ecrease #ith6ltitude

+he air "ressure is E)F

lower at the higher altitudedue to the fact that theatmos"here is less denseGGthat is, the air moleculesare farther a"art


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5irculation 2ystem

&U*5+$O*2: 5arries the blood, which in turn trans"orts

o1ygen, carbon dio1ide, nutrients, andwaste "roducts

6ssists in tem"erature regulation

/4'4'B4/ 6ny change in o1ygen levels to the cellsimmediately changes the "erformance ofmany organs, es"ecially the brain


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Low "ressure e ect to?ascular 2ystem

6t high altitudes, the lower air"ressure ma!es it more diHcult foro1ygen to enter our vascularsystems


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?ascular2ystem +he lin! between

the heart, lungs,

brain, and other"arts bloodvessels;

&unction: +omaintain bloodsu""ly to alltissues of the body


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+he .eart +he heart is an

organ that"um"s theblood throughthe circulatorysystem bycontraction and

dilation


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+he .eart at high 6ltitude 6t higher altitudes, our bodies initially

develo" in'7ci'nt )h sio!o"ica!r's)ons's4

+here is an increase in breathing and heartrate to as much as double even whileresting

9ulse rate and blood "ressure go u" shar"lyas our hearts "um" harder to get moreo1ygen to the cells

+hese are stressful changes, es"ecially for"eo"le with wea! hearts


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+he .eart at high 6ltitude

+he heart muscle reDuires o1ygen forenergy

+he heart can fail or become less e ectiveif o1ygen does not reach the heart muscle

+otal bloc!age of blood to the heart muscleleads to death of some of the tissues

8ead heart tissue lead to heart attack


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+he Brain I st 9art of Brain J lobes;G&rontal lobes: thoughts,

decisions, and judgmentsG9arietal lobes: senses and send

information for "rocessing

G+em"oral lobes: 2"eech centerlocation and where the braincom"utes information forwritten and s"o!en

communications;GOcci"ital lobes: are whereinformation from the eyes is"rocessed


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+he Brain = nd "art of brain 'idbrain;:

.y"othalamus, which "roduceshormones that a ect tem"erature,

growth, and other "hysiologicalactivities

Erd "art of brain .indbrain;: +he centerof regulation of many of the bodyKs basicfunctions, including breathing, blood"ressure, heart rate, and many others


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4 ect of lac! o1ygen to Brain

Lac! of o1ygen to the brain, lead to thefailure of the brain function such as

$nability to do normal "hysical activities,

8istorted vision 8iHculty with memoriCing 8iHculty in judgment and decision

ma!ing Loss of thin!ing ability &ail to communicate and write well


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.y"o1ic .y"o1ia .y"o1ic hy"o1ia occurs when not enough

o1ygen is in the air or when decreasingatmos"heric "ressures "revent the

di usion of O = from the lungs to thebloodstream +he "artial "ressure of o1ygen as it is

"resented to the blood within the lungs istoo low to e ectively carry and transferenough o1ygen to the cells of the tissues


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An o "'n*'9ci'nc

*u' tor'*uctionin th'

o "'ncarr in"

ca)acit o%th' 1!oo*

;;

;;

;;

;;;;;;

;;

;;;;

;;

;;

;;

;; ;;;;

.y"emic .y"o1ia

Lo 2 3

H a e m o

g , o 1 i n


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.y"emic .y"o1ia

.y"emic hy"o1ia is caused by a reduction in theo1ygenGcarrying ca"acity of the blood

5an cause anaemia, a condition in which there is ade7ciency of red cells or haemoglobin in theblood

'eans less ca"acity for blood to carryo1ygen

.emoglobin .gb; "hysically carries ( timesmore o1ygen molecule

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2tagnant hy"o1ia $n stagnant hy"o1ia , the o1ygenGcarrying ca"acity of

the blood is adeDuate but, circulation isinadeDuate

2uch decrease in blood ow results from the heart failingto "um" e ectively

2uch conditions as heart failure, arterial "roblem, andbloc!age of a blood vessel "redis"ose the individual tostagnant hy"o1ia

'ore often, when a crew member e1"eriences e1tremegravitational forces , disru"ting blood ow and causing theblood to stagnate

!"


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#ed $lood cells retain ox gen

Ina1i,it o4 the*e,, to a**e+tor u-e o6 gen

Poi-one) ti--uePoi-one) ti--ue

A)e uateo6 gen

.istoto1ic .y"o1ia

A , * o h o ,


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.istoto1ic means the target cell e1"ecting andneeding o1ygen is abnormal and unable tota!e u" the o1ygen that is "resent

+his abnormality has been created as a resultof a to1ins "resentMabsorbed by the cell e1:6lcohol becomes a to1in to the cell;

6lcohol, narcotics, and certain "oisonsinterfere the use of O1ygen by bodytissues

!%

.istoto1ic .y"o1ia


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#hy im"ortant to

recogniCe% Because the nervous system tissues have a heavy

reDuirement for o1ygen, es"ecially the brain and eyes;,

most hy"o1ic sym"toms are directly or indirectly relatedto the nervous system brain; $f hy"o1ia is "rolonged, serious "roblems develo" with

ultimate death $n e1treme cases "rior to death;, somebrain cells are actually !illed, and they cannot be

regenerated +he single most dangerous characteristic of hy"o1ia is

that if the crewmember is hy"o1ic and engrossed in ightduties, the "ilot might not even notice the im"airment


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S m)toms o% h )o ia 6""arent "ersonality change -

change in outloo! and behavior $m"aired judgment - loss of thin!ing

ability with the individual unaware ofreduced "erformance

'emory im"airment Gshort termmemory is lost early


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S m)toms o% h )o ia 2ensory lossG vision, es"ecially for color, is

a ected early, and then touch, orientation, andhearing are im"airment

$m"airment of consciousnessG as hy"o1ia"rogresses the individualKs level ofconsciousness dro"s until he becomesconfused, then semiconscious, andunconscious Unless he is rescued he will dieand at high altitude death can occur within afew minutes


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Ho& to )r'v'nt /educe tolerance to altitude descends;

By enriching the ins"ired air with o1ygenfrom an a""ro"riate o1ygen systemO1ygen +an! N 'as!;

By maintaining a comfortable, safe cabin"ressure altitude 5abin 9ressuriCation;

Lecture+2-Aviation+Human+Factor+(Flight+Physiology)

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