BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING

HARSHAVARDHANABABU**

Course contents

•  Introduc)on:*Biotechnology,*Biochemical*Engineering,*Biological*Process,*Defini=on*of*Fermenta=on.*

•  Enzyme0Kine)cs:0Introduc=on,*Simple*Enzyme*Kine=cs,*Enzyme*Reactor*with*Simple*Kine=cs,*Inhibi=on*of*Enzyme*Reac=ons,*and*Other*Influences*on*Enzyme*Ac=vity.*

•  Immobilized0Enzyme:0Immobiliza=on*techniques*and*effect*of*mass*transfer*resistance.*

•  Industrial0applica)on0of0enzymes:0Carbohydrates,*starch*conversion*and*cellulose*conversion.*

• Cell0Cul)va)on:0Microbial*cell*cul=va=on,*animal*cell*cul=va=on,*plant*cell*cul=va=on,*cell*growth*measurement*and*cell*immobiliza=on.***

Course Contents

• Cell0Kine)cs0and0Fermenter0Design:0 Introduc=on,*growth*cycle* for*batch*cul=va=on,* s=rred* tank* fermenters,* mul=ple* fermenters* connected* series,* cell*recycling,*alternate*fermenters*and*structured*model.*

•  Steriliza)on:* Steriliza=on* methods,* thermal* death* kine=cs,* design*criterion,*batch*steriliza=on,*con=nuous*steriliza=on*and*air*steriliza=on.*

• Agita)on0 and0 Aera)on:0 Introduc=on,* basic* mass* transfer* concepts,*correla=on*for*mass*transfer*coQefficient,*measurement*of*interfacial*area,*correla=ons* for* ‘a’* and* D32,* gasQholdup,* power* consump=on,*determina=on*of*oxygen*absorp=on*rate,*correla=on*for*kLa,*scaleQup*and*shear*sensi=vity.*

• Downstream0Processing:*Introduc=on,*solidQliquid*separa=on,*cell*rupture,*recovery*and*purifica=on.***

References

1.   Lee0J.M.,0Biochemical0Engineering,0Ebook,0version02.32,02009.0

2.  James*E.*Bailey*&*David*F.*Ollis,*Biochemical*Engineering*Fundamentals,*

2nd*edi=on,*McGraw*Hill*Interna=onal,*1986.*

3.  Michael* L.* Shuler* &* Fikret* Kargi,* Bioprocess* Engineering* –* Basic*

Concepts,*2nd*edi=on,*Pren=ce*Hall*of*India,*New*Delhi,*2002.*

*

*

Biochemical Engineering

Biological*Sciences*

Chemical*Engineering*

Biochemical*Engineering*

•  Conduc=ng*biological*processes*on*industrial*scale*

Biotechnology •  Biotechnology*is*the*use*of*living*systems*and*organisms*to*develop*or*make*products.*

*OR*•  *“Any*technological*applica=on*that*uses*biological*systems,*living*organisms*or*deriva=ves*thereof,*to*make*or*modify*products*or*processes*for*specific*use“*

•  Examples:*•  U=lizing*microorganisms*to*ferment*beverages*and*food.*

• Biotechnology*refers*to*techniques*such*as**•  recombinant+DNA+•  cell+fusion+

Nucleus

DNA

Cell

Nucleotide

(b) Single strand of DNA

A

C

T

T

A

A

T

C

C

G

T

A

G

T

(a) DNA double helix

A

Four0base0nucleo)des0•  Adenine*•  Thymine*•  Guanine*•  Cytosine*

Recombinant DNA •  Recombinant* DNA* molecules* are* formed* by*gene=c* recombina=on* (such* as* molecular+cloning)*to*bring*together*gene=c*material*from*mul=ple* sources,* crea=ng* sequences* that*would* not* otherwise* be* found* in* biological*organisms.*

Cell Fusion •  The* process* to* create* a* single* hybrid* cell*(hybridoma)*with*nuclei*and*cytoplasm*from*two*different*types*of*cells.*

•  The* hybridoma* will* have* the* desirable*characteris=cs*from*both*cells.*

•  An=bodies* produced* from* hybridoma* cells*can*be*used*for**

•  Diagnosis*•  Disease*treatment*•  Protein*purifica=on*

Applications

•  Bioinforma)cs**

•  Bioinforma=cs* is* an* interdisciplinary* field* that* develops*

methods*and*sogware*tools*for*understanding*biological*data.*

•  E.g.*Genome*Sequencing,*Protein*expression.*

•  Blue0biotechnology0

•  It*involves*the*use*of*marine*and*freshwater*organisms,*and*

their*deriva=ves.*

•  E.g.*Glo*Fish*(detects*pollu=on*and*chemicals)*

Applications

•  Green0biotechnology0

•  Biotechnology*applied*to*agricultural*processes.**

•  E.g.*Bt*corn* is*a*variant*of*maize* that*has*been*gene=cally*

altered*to*express*pes=cide.*

•  Red0biotechnology0

•  Using* organisms* to* design* and* manufacture*

pharmaceu=cal* products* like* an=bio=cs* and*

vaccines.*

Applications

• White0biotechnology0

•  Applica=on*of*biotechnology*for*the*processing*and*produc=on*of*chemicals,*

materials*and*energy.*

Gaurav Jhanwar

Typical Biological Process • PreQtreatment*of*raw*materials*• Addi=on*of*nutrients*/*cell*culture*• Design* the* bioreactor* and* iden=fy* the*efficient*opera=ng*condi=ons*

•  Separate* the* desired* products* from* the*reac=on* mixture* in* the* most* economic*way.*

Pros and Cons of Biological Processes

† Pros*† Mild*reac=on*condi=ons*† Specificity*† Effec=veness*† Renewable*resources*† Recombinant*DNA*technology*

⁻  Cons*⁻  Complex*product*mixtures*⁻  Dilute*aqueous*environment*⁻  Contamina=on*⁻  Variability*

Roles of a Biochemical Engineer

•  Iden=fy*the*best*biological*catalyst*(microorganism,*animal*cell,*plant*

cell*or*enzyme)*for*a*desired*process*

• Design*the*bioreactor*and*iden=fy*the*efficient*opera=ng*condi=ons*

•  Separate*the*desired*products*from*the*reac=on*mixture*in*the*most*

economic*way.*

Fermentation

•  Fermenta=on*is*a*biological*process*that*converts*sugar*to*acids,*gases*or*alcohol.***"↓6 %↓12 &↓6 $→()*+,┴$2"↓2 %↓5 &%+2".↓2 **"↓6 %↓12 &↓6 $→)/0(1)+┴$2"%↓3 "%&%"&&%+2".↓2 *

**

Variants of fermentation reaction