Lecture2 1 History

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AT1033 ICT FOR SOCIAL SCIENCESHISTORY OF ICT

Baszley Bee B. Basrah Bee

School of Social Sciences

Universiti Malaysia Sabah

Lecture 2 (Part 1)


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Multimedia - Computer HistoryA complete history of computing world include aA complete history of computing world include amultitude(sejumlah besar) of diverse devices such asmultitude(sejumlah besar) of diverse devices such asthe Chinese abacus cpable of simple calculation (+,the Chinese abacus cpable of simple calculation (+,- , x)- , x)


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SEVEN GENERATIONS

1. The Mechanical era (1623-1936)

2. First Generation Electronic Computers

(1937-1953)

3. Second Generation (1954-1962)

4. Third Generation (1963-1972)

5. Fourth Generation (1972-1984)6. Fifth Generation (1984-1990)

7. Sixth Generation (1990-present)


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The Mechanical era (1623-1945)

- Idea of using machines to solve mathematical problemscan be traced as far as the early 17th century.

- Designers of analog calculators capable of addition,subtraction, multiplication, and division, include WilhelmSchickhard, Blaise Pascal, Gottfried Leibnitz,and John

Napier.

- First effort to develop a programmable computer was in1823 by Charles Babbage the difference engine butnever completed.

- He also initiated Analytical Engine in 1842 but onlypartially completed. Historians, however, creditedBabbage was truly a man a head of his time. His failure tocomplete his two projects was the fact that the technologyof the day was not reliable enough.


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Napiers Bone Slide Rules (1600s)


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Babbages the Different Engine (1823)


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- 1853 George Scheutz & his son, EdwardScheutz designed a machine that could process15-digit numbers and calculate fourth-orderdifferences.

- Taken by Dudley Observatory, New York tocalculate the orbit of Mars.

- First commercial uses of mechanical computerswas by US Census Bureau which used punch-

card equipment designed by Herman Hollerithto tabulate data for the 1890 census of the US.


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First Generation Electronic Computer

(1937-1953)

Four machines have been introduced at various

times as the first electronic computers.

- used electronic switches, in the form of vacuum

tubes - to process and store information or data.1937 Howard Aiken developed Mark 1 - to solve

trigonometry and simple calculation.

1941 J.V.Anatasoff & Clifford Berry at Iowa

State built the first world digital computer

named ABC that would help students to solve

systems of partial differential equations.


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ABC (1941)


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1943 - COLOSSUS was developed by Alan Turing, for the

British military to breaking codes used by the

German in WWII. But, it was kept secret until long

after the war ended.

1943 - First programmable electronic computer was

ENIAC developed by J. Presper Eckert & John W.

Mauchly at University of Pennsylvania - funded byArmy Ordnance Department, who used it to compute

ballistic during WWII. After 1945 used extensively for

calculation during the design of the hydrogen bomb.

Also being used for research on the design of windtunnels, random number generators, and weather

prediction until it was decommissioned in 1955.


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ENIAC (1943-45) picture 1


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ENIAC (1943-45) picture 2


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Eckert & Mauchly combined with logician, John VonNeuman,to build EDVAC the idea was that notion of astored program. This computer was able to run ordersof magnitude faster than ENIAC.

Therefore, EDSAC was developed which used mercurydelay lines to store memory/data this was an oppose tovacuum tubes use by EDVAC).

Combination of logician Neuman with electricalengineering specialist (Eckert & Mauchly) has formed avery powerful inter disciplinary team - introduced basicmultimedia concept.

1952 Eckert & Mauchly developed first commercial

computer, UNIVAC 1, which was used to count votesduring the presidential election. (UNIVAC 1 predictedEisenhower would defeat Stevenson with 438 electoralvotes, but ended up with 442 votes)


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EDVAC (1955)


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EDSAC (1951)


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UNIVAC 1 (1952)


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UNIVAC 1 (1952)


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Second Generation (1954-1962)

1954 ORACLE, TRADIC & TX-0 was built as an opposedto mercury delay lines, in which data was store

(memory).

They used electronic switches based on discrete diode and

transistor technology to replace mercury delay lines.Other types were IBM 704, IBM 709, IBM 7090, IBM 7094

which introduced I/O processors (for better through

put between I/O devices and main memory).

Idea to develop Programming Languages (PL) that is useto write scientific application. Many high level PL were

introduced: FORTRAN (1956), ALGOL (1958), and

COBOL (1959).


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ORACLE (1954)


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IBM 704 (1956)


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Second Generation (1954-1962)

First supercomputer was developed fornumeric processing in scientific application.1956 G-15 was developed by Bendix

Company, US.1956 PEGASUS was developed in UK by

Ferranti Ltd Company.

1960 LARC

1961 STRETCH or IBM 7030


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PEGASUS (1956)


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LARC (1960)


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IBM 7030 (1961)


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Third Generation (1963-1972)

First minicomputer DEC PDP-8 was built in 1964 used as commercial machines.

- idea of developing intergrated circuits (TCs) called asChip that replaced transistors.

- First ICs was base on smale-scale integration (SSI)

circuit, which had around 10 devices per circuit or chip.- Also, the use of medium-scale integrated (MSI) chip,

which had up to 100 devices per chip.

1964 CDC 6600 was released by Seymour Cray as first

machines to use functional parallelism.1969 Cray developed CDC 7600 as the first vector

processor that capable to executing at 10 million floatingpoint operations per second (Mflops).


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DEC PDP-8 (1964)


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CDC 6600 (1964)


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1969 IBM 360/91 also released as upgraded to IBM 360-

195, which was comparable to the Crays CDC 7600.

CDC Star 100 and TI ASC, announced in 1972, were the first

pipeline vector processor computers, but did not have a

great commercial success.

On Programming Language 1963, the University ofCambridge & London developed CPL as an attempt to

capture only the important features of the complicated

and sophisticated old ALGOL (1958). However, like

ALGOL, CPL was large with many features that werehard to learn.

1967 to further simplification of CPL, by Martin Richard

of Cambridge developed a subset of CPL called BCPL-a

simple typeless language.


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IBM 360/91 (1969)


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1970 Ken Thompson of Bell Labs developed a subset ofCPL called simple B with first introduction to the

UNIX operating system.

1972 Dennis Ritchie generalized Thompsons B to

developed the C language. He used C to write a versionof UNIX for the DEC PDP-11.

This C-based UNIX was soon ported to many different

computers or now a de facto standard on virtually

every computer system.


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Fourth Generation (1972-1984)

The use of large scale integration (LSI -1000 devices per

chip) to very large scale integration (VLSI-100,000 dpc)

High speed processors CRAY 1 (1974), CYBER 205

(1980) and CRAY X-MP (1982).

- Computers with large main memory CRAY 2 (1983).

- Microcomputers and workstations were introduced.

- Developments of softwares with high level language

such as FP & Prolog that use a declarative

programming style as opposed to the imperative style ofPASCAL, FORTRAN, etc.


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CRAY 1 (1976)


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CRAY 2 (1983)


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Fifth Generation (1984-1990)

Until this time parallelism was limited to pipeline andvector processing or at most to a few processors sharingjobs.

- introduced machines with hundreds of processors thatcould all be working on different parts of a single program.

- By 1990 was possible to build chips with a millioncomponents and semiconductor memories becamestandard on all computers.

- Widespread use of computer networks and the increasing

use of single-user workstation.- 1985 the Sequent Balance 8000 connected up to 20

processors to a single shared memory module, such as InteliPSC-1 with 128 processors.

- WAN & LAN network were developed.


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Sixth Generation (1990-present)

Parallel systems was compete with vector processors interms of total computing power and most expect parallel

systems to dominate the future.

- Networking technology is becoming more widespread than

it original strong base in universities and governmentlaboratories as it is rapidly finding application in K-12

education, community networks, private industries, etc.


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e.g. ICT Multimedia Features:-

2. Mobile phones - voice activated calling, two way

communication via walkie talkie style messaging from Nextel

or Sprint PCS & pager mode.

3. Messages SMS & email.

4. PCs wireless WAP & GPRS (internet access).

5. Built in camera & video taking pictures.

6. Speaker phone voice messages, radio & music.

7. Wireless Web - Microbrowsing, or surfing the wireless web on

a small screen, either a cellular phone, or a handheld

computer.

Lecture2 1 History

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