lecture1 2013

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L/O/G/O Lecture 1COMPARTIVE

STYLISTIC STUDIES AS A BRANCH OF STYLISTICS.

Associate Professor V.V. Zhukovska


OUTLINE

1. The origin of stylistics.

2. The object and subject-matter of stylisitcs.

3. Types and kinds of stylistics.

4. Comparative stylistics: the main objectives and tasks.


RECOMMENDED LITERATURE:

Дубенко О.Ю. Порівняльна стилістика англійської та української мов- Вінниця: Нова книга, 2001. - С. 8-13.

Стилистика английского языка / А.Н. Мороховский, О.П. Воробйова, Н.И. Лихошерст, З.В. Тимошенко. – К.: Вища школа, 1991. – С. 7-48.

Арнольд И.В. Стилистика современного английского языка. – Л.: Просвещение, 1981. – С. 7-82.

Galperin I.R. Stylistics. – M.: Higher School, 1977. – P. 9-32. Скребнев Ю.М. Основы стилистики английского языка. – М.: ООО

«Издательство Астрель»: ООО «Издательство АСТ», 2003. – С. 6-36.

Жуковська В.В. Основи теорії та практики стилістики англійської мови. - Житомир: Вид-во ЖДУ імені Івана Франка, 2010. – 240 с.

Єфімов Л.П., Ясінецька О.А. Стилістика англійської мови і дискурсивний аналіз. – Вінниця: НОВА КНИГА, 2004. – С. 5-16.

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• The old man died.

• The old man joined the majority.

• The old man kicked the bucket.


1. Never seen the chap, not I!

2. Me, I never clapped eyes on this here guy.

3. I deny the fact of ever having seen this person.

4. I have no association with the appearance of the individual behold.

5. I have never certainly seen this man.


• What is stylistics?

• Who is stylistics? (Mick Short)

• The need for stylistics.


•To do stylistics is to explore language, and, more specifically, to explore creativity in language. Doing stylistics thereby enriches our ways of thinking about language … and exploring language offers a substantial purchase on our understanding of (literary) texts. • [Simpson, 2004: 3]


1. The origin of stylistics.

Stylistics is a branch of linguistics which investigates the entire system of expressive resources available in a particular language.

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“Stylistics is the science of literary style, the study of stylistic features“ (Oxford English Dictionary,1882)

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Predecessors of stylistics

RHETORICRHETORIC POETICSPOETICS

STYLISTICS


• Rhetoric is a discipline concerned with the skills of public speaking as a means of persuasion.


Aristotle (384 BC-322 BC) Cicero (106 BC-43 BC) Quintilian (35 AD-96 AD)


Aristotle’s Rhetoric


• In Book III (I.1), Aristotle points out that

• ‘it is not sufficient to know what one ought to say, but one must also know how to say it’.


Quintilian’s Institutio oratoria


Firstly the three styles were distinguished

• Plain style is for purposes of instruction.

• Intermediate style is for charming or conciliating an audience.

• Grand style is for moving an audience


Poetics is the study of poetic works


Up to the end of the 19th century the normative approach predominated in style study.


Expressive potential of a national language was firstly

studied in


“The philosophy of style” (1852) by G. Spenser

“Zur Stylistik” (1866) by H. Steinthal

“Из истории эпитетa” (1895) by A.N. Veselovskyi

“О преподавании отечественного языка” by F. Buslajev

“Из записок по теории словесности” (1905) by O. Potebnya


The birth of linguistic stylistics

Charles Bally (1865-1947)Swiss linguist

1909 (“French stylistics”)


• The Prague Linguistic Circle• Roman Jacobson


Roman Jacobson


• The Prague School developed the concept of foregrounding, whereby poetic language stands out from the background of non-literary language by means of deviation (from the norms of everyday language) or parallelism.


As a separate linguistic discipline stylistics began to form only in the

20-30s of the XXth century.


Ukrainian stylisticians

the English language• prof. Kuharenko V.A.• prof. Vorobjova O.P.• prof. Belehova L.I.


the Ukrainian language• Prof. Ponomariv O.D.• Prof. Matz’ko L.I.• Prof. Dudyk P.S.


Russian stylisticians

the Russian language

Prof. Galperin I.R.

Prof. Skrebnev U. M.

Prof. Kozhyna M.P.

Prof. Arnold I.V.


• P. Verndok (the Netherlands)• M. Burke (the Netherlands)• K. Wales (UK)• S. Mills (UK)• M. Short (UK)


• I.V. Arnold

Stylistics is a branch of linguistics which studies the principles and effect of choice and usage of different language elements for rendering thought and emotion under different conditions of communication


• The scope of interest of stylistics• 1) the aesthetic function of language;• 2) expressive means in language;• 3) synonymous ways of rendering one and the

same idea:• 4) emotional coloring in language;• 5) stylistic devices;• 6) functional styles;• 7) the interrelation between language and

thought;• 8) individual style of a writer.


2. The object and subject-matter of stylistics.

The object of stylistics as a linguistic discipline is a natural language.


The subject-matter of stylistics


STYLISTICS

Stylistic morphology

Stylistic phonetics

Stylistic syntax

Stylistic lexicology

BRANCHES OF STYLISTICS


• Stylistic phonetics studies the style-forming phonetic features of sounds, peculiarities of their organization in speech.


Deep into that darkness peering, long I stood there wondering, fearing,

Doubting, dreaming dreams no mortal ever dared to dream to dream before (E. Poe).

• (alliteration)


• Stylistic morphology is interested in stylistic potential of grammatical forms and grammatical meanings peculiar to particular types of speech.


• The blonde I had been dancing with’s name was Bemice Crabs or Krebs (J. Salinger)


• Stylistic lexicology considers stylistic functions of lexicon, expressive, evaluative and emotive potential of words belonging to different layers of vocabulary.


• “You sleep here” she murmured in a voice light like a child’s breath, offering him a lamp. “Buenos noches, senorita”, he said politely, taking it from her (J. Conrad).


• Stylistic syntax investigates the style-forming potential of particular syntactic constructions and peculiarities of their usage in different types of speech.


•What can you say about a twenty-five-year-old girl who died?

•That she was beautiful. And brilliant. That she loved Mozart and Bach. And the Beatles. And me. Once, when she specifically lumped me with those musical types, I asked her what the order was, and she replied, smiling, “Alphabetical”. At that moment I smiled too (E. Segal).


• Stylistics does not study or describe separate linguistic units, it studies their stylistic function.


• Stylistics is interested in the expressive potential of language units, their functioning and interaction in conveying ideas and emotions in a certain text or communicative context.


Stylistics pertains to all language levels and investigates language units from a functional point of view.

There is no separate stylistic level of language.


3. Types of stylistics.

• General stylistics (theoretical stylistics, theory of stylistics) studies universal stylistic language means which exist in any language and regularities of language functioning irrespective of the content, aim, situation and sphere of communication.


stylistics of language

stylistics of speech

The principle of language activities

manifestation.


functional stylistics

linguistic stylistics

immanent stylistics

reader’s stylistics

author’s stylistics

literary stylistics

The principle of language description


Comparative stylistics

Contrastive stylistics

Historical stylistics

Dialectal stylistics

Statistical stylistics

Practical stylistics

Feminist stylistics

Cognitive stylistics

Discourse stylistics

Corpus stylistics


• Comparative stylistics investigates national and international features in stylistic systems of national languages, defines common and peculiar features in the organization of functional styles, and specifies national peculiarities in speech structure of functional styles.


• Contrastive stylistics focuses on stylistic systems of unrelated languages.


• Contrastive stylistics is the type of stylistic analysis that studies and compares the stylistic systems of two or more languages.


Its primary tasks are

• 1) to describe stylistically marked language units of all language levels in different languages;

• 2) to study stylistic resources of different languages;

• 3) to compare functional styles and genres of the languages under consideration;


• 4) to investigate the ways of expressing various stylistic concepts (e.g. humour or satire) or stylistic functions each compared language has in its disposal;

• 5) to compare individual styles of different authors who created their works in different languages and in different epochs.


• Comparative stylistics as a linguistic discipline originated in the middle of the XXth century on the basis of comparative and typological methods of language research.


• Nowadays three distinct directions are singled out in the field of comparative stylistic studies


The first one is theoretic and translation direction

• “Comparative Stylistics of French and English: A Methodology for Translation” by Jean-Paul Vinay and Jean Darbelnet (1958)

• “Нариси загальної та порівняльної стилістики” by A. Fedorov (1971)


• The second branch of comparative stylistic studies (the so-called comparative and typological branch) is concerned with specifically linguistic issues.

• Ch.Bally “French Stylistics”• V. Gak (1975, 1977, 1983)• O. Yefimov (1963) and I. Bilodid (1972).

«Сопоставительная стилистика русского и украинского языка» published in Kyiv in 1980.


• The third, purely stylistic branch of comparative stylistics is interested in the stylistic peculiarities of the given language, which are conditioned by its specific perception and analysis of the world.


• French Stylistics” (1965) by the distinguished Russian stylistican Y.Stepanov


• Translation theory and comparative stylistics are two philological disciplines which have a single methodological basis, the comparison of linguistic and literary material at the contextual level.


Methods of stylistics.

The method of semantico-stylistic analysis (stylistic analysis) aims at defining the correlation between language means employed for expressive conveyance of intellectual, emotional or aesthetic content of speech (or text) and the content of information.


• The comparative method lies in checking what language means have the best stylistic effect in comparison with other language means which are either less expressive or neutral in the given context.


• The method of stylistic experiment lies in substitution of the writer’s words, utterances or constructions for new ones with the stylistic aim.


• The quantitative method consists in defining the quantitative properties of a language phenomenon.


Basic notions of stylistics.

STYLE• “Le style est l'homme même” (“Style is

the man himself”) Count de Buffon


• S. Chatman defines style as a product of individual choices and patterns of choices among linguistic possibilities


• O. Achmanova states that style is one of the distinctive varieties of language, a language subsystem with a peculiar vocabulary, phraseology, and constructions.


• Y. Skrebnev defines style as a peculiarity, the set of specific features of a text type or of a definite text.


• I.R. Galperin defines style as a set of characteristics by which we distinguish one author from another or members of one subclass from members of other subclasses, all of which are members of the same general class.


• Style denotes the collective characteristics of writing, diction or any artistic expression and the way of presenting things, depending upon the general outlook proper to a person, a literary school, a trend, a period or a genre.


• Individual style of a writer is a unique combination of language units, expressive means and stylistic devices peculiar to a given author, which makes the writer’s works or even utterances easily recognizable


• Functional style of a language may be defined as a system of interrelated language means which serves a definite aim in communication


official style

scientific style

publicist style

colloquial style

literary style


NORM

• Norm as the invariant of the phonetic, morphological, lexical and syntactical patterns circulating in language-in-action at a given period of time


• Stylistic context is a stretch of a text interrupted by an unexpected element that results in a stylistic device.


stylistic microcontext

• realized within one

sentence

stylistic macrocontext

• realized within a

superphrasal unit or

paragraph

stylistic megacontext

• realized within the

whole literary work


• Stylistic meaning makes the perception of the word more expressive.


• The expressive means (EM) of a language are those phonetic, morphological, word-building, lexical, phraseological and syntactical forms which exist in the language-as-a-system for the purpose of logical and/or emotional intensification of the utterance [Galperin, 1977: 27].


LEVELS OF

LANGUAGE

EXPRESSIVE MEANS

Phonetics pitch

melody

stress

pausation

drawling

drawling of certain

syllables

whispering

a sing-song manner of

speech

Morphology grammar means (e.g.

shifts in tenses, the

usage of obsolete

forms as in He hath

brethren)

word-building means

(e.g. the usage of

diminutive suffixes to

add some emotional

colouring to words as

– y(ie) in birdie, and –

let in streamlet, piglet)


• I.R. Galperin conceives of stylistic device (SD) as a conscious and intentional intensification of some typical structural and /or semantic property of a language unit (neutral or expressive) promoted to a generalized status and thus becoming a generative model.


• I.V. Arnold classifies all stylistic means into tropes, figures of speech and thematic means.


• Tropes are all types of words which create images (metaphor, metonymy, irony).


• Figures of speech do not create images, but serve to intensify expressiveness of speech, increase its emotive colouring with the help of syntactic constructions (inversion, rhetorical questions, and parallel constructions).


• Thematic means are the set of topics (themes) preferred by a certain literary trend.


• The group of scholars O.M. Morochovskyi, O.P. Vorobjova, N.I. Lyhosherst and Z.V. Tymoshenko define expressive means as a marked member of stylistic opposition which has an invariant meaning in language:

• Mr Pickwick went in (stylistically neutral)• Went in Mr Pickwick• In went Mr Pickwick• Mr Pickwick went in, he did• It was Mr Pickwick who went in


• A stylistic device is an intentional change of fixed distribution of the language unit in speech.


• Imagery is a descriptive language used in literature to evoke mental pictures or sensory experiences.


• An image may be visual (pertaining to the eye), olfactory (smell), tactile (touch), auditory (hearing), gustatory (taste), abstract (appealing to what may be described as the intellect) and kinaesthetic (pertaining to the sense of movement and bodily effort).


• Fog• The fog comes kinaesthetic image• On little cat feet. auditory, tactile,

visual images• It sits looking kinaesthetic image• Over harbor and city visual image• on silent haunches auditory image• and then moves on. kinaesthetic image

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