Lecture Week 14 Energy Environment Updated

5/24/2018 Lecture Week 14 Energy Environment Updated

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Energy and Environment

Overview of energy production anddemand

Fossil fuels

Coal Hydrocarbons (oil and natural gas)

Environmental impacts

Alternate energy resources

Nuclear (Nuclear reactors)

Solar, Geothermal, Wind etc.

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World EnergyProduction by

Source


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Over view of energy supply and demand

~90%of energy consumed in U.S. comes from coal, natural gas, petroleum.

Remaining 10% comes from hydro- & nuclear power.

Energy consumption increased from 1950 to 1974. 1975 was marked with energy

crisis, search for nuclear fuel began. Since 1980 rely more on nuclear fuel.

Oil Crisis

Ist searchfor Uranium

U.S. energy consumption19502009 by source

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Source: U.S. EnergyInformationAdministration (EIA)


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Total global marketed energy consumption bysource in 2004 and projected for 2030

5Note: does not include traditional biomassSource: EIA, 2007 Energy Information Administration, USA


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World renewable energy consumption byregion for 2002 and projected for 2030

Source: International Energy Agency (IEA), 2004OECD: Organisation for Economic Co-

operation and Development


7/487vast majority of power generation comes from thermal process

1KW-hr = 3.6 106Joule


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Daily Per-Capita Consumption of Energy

Source:Data from Earl Cook, The Flow of Energy in an Industrialized Society, Scientific American, 1971.8


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Correlation Between GNP and Energy Consumption

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India: GDP & Energy consumption

Source: EIA (Energy Information Administration, USA)


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India: Electricity Generation by Source

Increased use in Agriculture & Residential and

Commercial. Electricity subsidized (~$2 billion/yr)to both sectors.

25% of fiscal deficit in many states


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Indian Energy

211 GW of installed electric capacity, mostly in coal-fired plants.

Insufficient fuel supply leads to shortage of electricity andblackouts.

world's fifth-largest coal reserves. Coal is primary source ofenergy; power sector uses > 70% of coal.

Fourth largest consumer of oil and petroleum products in the

world in 2011, after USA, China, and Japan.

World's 6th-largest liquefied natural gas importer.

20 operational nuclear reactors; 7 more under construction;plans to increase its nuclear-electricity generation up from 4% in

2011 to 25%.Rural areas rely heavily on traditional biomass. 2011 Indiacensus data: > 80% of rural households use traditional biomassfuel for cooking, compared to 22% of urban households.


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False Assumptions on Energy There are vast undiscovered resources of oil and gas, we

can drill our way out of any energy shortages anddependency of foreign sources.

Fossil Fuels will last forever. No need for alternatives.

Health effects from the burning of fossil fuels areoverstated and do not require mitigation.

Global warming is a hoax. Climate change is a naturalprocess.

Foreign supplies of oil and gas will be reliably available tous long into the future.

Energy prices will remain relatively stable and affordable.Economic competition from developing nations is a longway off.

Conservation is not sound energy policy.

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Energy Policy


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Origin of Fossil Fuel Formation of fossil fuels, and biomass energy in general,

starts with photosynthesis.

reversible reactionwill produce energy. oxygen is added to it by burning, energy is produced

and water and CO2return.

In order to produce fossil fuel the organic matter must bebu r ied rapidlyso that its no t oxid ized.

Then a series of slow chemical reactions take place thattransforms organic molecules into hydrocarbons.

nCO2 + nH2O + Solar Energy (CH2O)n+ nO2

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Fossil Fuel: Coal

Coalis India's primary source of energy; power

sector uses > 70% of coal. classified as a sedimentary/metamorphic rock.

produced in swamps where there is a large-scaleaccumulation of plant matter.

found in beds called seams, usually 0.5-3 m thick,although some may be up to 30 m.

Two major coal producing periods in geologichistory: Carboniferous & Permian.

During this, continents were apparently locatednear the equator and covered by shallow seas.This favored the growth of vegetation and rapidburial to produce coal.

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Coal Formation

Swamp

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Massive dead plants buried in ananaerobic environment peattransformation to increase carboncontent coal


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Coal Classification

Coal Classification

Rank:% of C & heat value on combustion

sulfur content

low (< 1 percent), medium (1 to 3 percent), andhigh (> 3 percent)

composition of a coal is usually reported in termsof

proximate analysis: fixed carbon, volatilematter, moisture and ash, all in weight%

ultimate analysis: elemental composition of C,H, O, S, all in weight%

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Coal Classification

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Very high grade metamorphism will turn it to Graphite.


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CoalClassification

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Source: USGS

Higher rank coals aregenerally harder, containless moisture and

volatile matter, and havehigher calorific values


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21Source: Encyclopedia Britannica


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World coal distribution in Billion of tons

Annual global consumption 5 BMT (billion metric tons).

World reserves (1000 BMT) estimated to last ~225- 250 years at current

rate of use. 22


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Coal fields in India

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Paleozoic / Gondowana Coal: ~ 98% ofdeposits in 14 basins, ~ 1-30 m thickcoal seams, 134 m discovered atSingrauli coalfield; Bihar, West Bengal,

Orissa.Tertiary Coal~ 2% of deposits in India

Sub-bituminous to high volatilebituminous at Makum Coalfields inAssam.Lignite in Southern India (Neyveli)

G C


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Projected Global Coal Production

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Coal Mining Methods

Source: Kentucky Geological Survey

Room-pillar mining Longwall mining

~ 1,500 feet belowthe surface

St i Mi i i S th Af i


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Strip-Mining in South Africa


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Bingham Canyon, Utah Open-Pit Mine

FIGURE 15.16, text: Bingham Canyon copper mine near Salt Lake City, Utah Notice the

large volume of mine waste, the large piles of lightcolored material in the left and lowerparts of the photograph.


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Impacts of Coal Mining

Much of coal mining done by underground mining.

However, strip mining (open-pit)mining hasincreased.

Impact varies regionally and depends on

Topography

Climate-In humid areas, acid mine drainage serious

Hydrologic conditions

Reclamation practices

Mining procedures

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Environmental Impacts due to mining Environmental pollution

Water

Surface (acid) drainage at mine sites Acid rain

Contaminant leaching into soil

Groundwater pollution

Air

dust from mines, Coal fires that burn for years Smelting (separation of metal from ore by heating) releases

pollutants

Burning produces SO2, CO2(greenhouse gas), which is aglobal warming concern

Land disturbance & Mine subsidence

Health effects Underground mining hazards due to subsidence

Social

Rapid influx of workers into mining areas which leads tourbanization

Stress on local services including sewers and water supply


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Mining Activities in India

Tata open cast coal mine at West

Bokaro, Jharkhand


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Environmental Regulation:

One of the reasons for the rising costs of mining.

Increasingly enforced due to abuses of miners and land.

Help make mining safer and less destructive (New Methods ofmining).

Conservation

Practicing the three Rs of waste management

Land Reclamation:

After mining has ceased, land reclamation is necessary.

Biotechnology

Potential for extracting mineral resources in more environmentalfriendly manner.

Biooxidation, bioleaching, biosorption etc.

Bioassisted leaching uses microorganisms to recover metals.

Used to treat acid-mine drainage.31

Minimizing Impact

Hg and


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Hg andGold

Mining

FIGURE 15- text book

Inorganic Hg is used to recovergold, but Hg gets transformed

to toxic form methyl mercury.About 500 tons per year ofmercury is believed to be usedin mining Au.


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Gold Mining using Cyanide

Low-grade gold ore depositscontain ~ 15 ppm Hg

10-30 % of Hg in the ore is extracted alongwith the gold using activated carbon

H d b Oil d G


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Hydrocarbons: Oil and Gas

n Formula(CnH2n+2)

Compound Use

1 CH4 methane

Natural Gas2 C2H6 ethane

3 C3H8 propane

4 C4H10 butane

5 C5H12 pentane

Gasoline6 C6H14 hexane7 C7H16 heptane

8 C8H18 octane

9 C9H20 nonane

>9 various various Lubricating Oils,Plastics

Petroleum(oil and natural gas) consists of various differenthydrocarbons, but the most important of these are a groupknown as the Paraffins(C

n

H2n+2

).

CnH2n+2+ 0.5 (3n+1) O2 nCO2+ (n+1) H2O + energy

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H d b


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Hydrocarbons Natural Gasis mostly methane, CH4 (~80% of gas at a location)

Oilis the most abundant fluid on Earth after water

Most major fields located near active plate boundaries

Mostly found in rocks younger than 500 Ma (~ 60% in Cenozoicrocks, younger than 65 Ma)

Formation of oil & gas:

Source Rocks: Rapid burial of abundant organic matter insedimentary basins, anaerobic environment.

Biogenic or thermogenic transformation under certain heatand pressure.

Oil window (approximately 3 to 6 km depth)

O&G trapped over geologic time (few Ma) in certainstructures (oil traps)

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Process of Petroleum Maturation

Maturation interval 36

Above 100 deg C its

mostly methane andwith increase in tempthis can be destroyed

Z f Oil d


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Oil and gasgeneration Zone

Zone of Oil andGas Formation

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T f Oil T


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Types of Oil TrapsStructural Traps

Stratigraphic Trap 38

Hydraulic Fracturing & recovery of natural shale gas


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Hydraulic Fracturing & recovery of natural shale gas

Source: ProPublica, http://www.propublica.org/special/hydraulic-fracturing-national

organic-rich shale source rock

World Reser es of Oil


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World Reserves of Oil

India: 6.1 billion barrels.

At current consumption (30 billion barrels/yr) estimated

global reserves last until at least 2050. 40

World Oil Consumption


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World Oil Consumption

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Oil exports

by country

(barrels perday)

Oil imports by

country

(barrels perday)

Source: US Energy Information Agency

World Reserves of Natural Gas


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World Reserves of Natural Gas

N. America 8.4 Europe 5.6

9.9

48.9

(34%)

56.7 (39%)

9.1

6.3

70% worlds reserves in former

Soviet Union and Middle East.

At current rate of consumption estimate reserves will last ~ 100 years.Q. What factors will likely lengthen this estimate?Q. What factors will likely shorten this estimate? 43

Sedimentary


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Sedimentarybasins in India:Hydrocarbon

Reserves

source: Directorate General of

Hydrocarbons (DGH), India,

Ministry of petroleum and natural gas

http://www.dghindia.org/Images/Sedimentary_Map.jpg

35 major fields onshore

(primarily in Assam and

Gujarat) .4 major offshore oil fields

(near Bombay, south of

Pondicherry, and in the Palk

Strait).


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Investment: 7 billion USD

Announced : 2/15/2002Completion : 12/15/2015

Length: 2700 km


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FIGURE 16.4 Peak oil (a) Idealizeddiagram illustrating the concept of peak

oil,when one-half of the worlds oil will have

been produced. When demand is greater

than production, a gap (shortage) develops.

This may happen between 2015 and 2030.

(b) Two scenarios for peak oil: scenario 1,with a flat peak until 2025, followed by

decline in production, and scenario 2, with a

peak in 2015, followed by decline.

World OilProduction


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Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) formed in 1960- negotiateswith oil companies on matters of oil production, prices, and future concession rights.Each OPEC country has a national oil company (NOC).Members, 12 countries: Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, UAE, Algeria, Angola,Ecuador, Libya, Nigeria, Venezuela

Lecture Week 14 Energy Environment Updated

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