Lecture - TRS
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Tropical Revolving Storms
Hurricanes
CyclonesTyphoons
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Introduction
Of all the dangers that Seafarers mayencounter Tropical Revolving Storms arethe most severe.
The extremes of weather are:
Strong winds
High seas
Storm surges
Torrential rain
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Formation
Tropical storms [wind speeds between33kts and 63kts] or TRS [wind speeds of64kts +] form within seven regions around
the world called 'basins'. Formation is normally within a specific
seasonearly Summer to late Autumn for
that hemisphere. The energy powering these storms comesfrom the heat stored in the oceans.
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The 7 Tropical Basins
Western North Atlantic; Eastern North Pacific;
Western North Pacific; Western South Pacific; North Indian Ocean (Bay of Bengal);
Western South Indian Ocean; Eastern South Indian Ocean.
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Saffir-Simpson Scale Category 1winds 64-82 kt
No real damage to buildings. Some damage to poorly constructed signs. Some coastalflooding and minor pier damage.- Examples: Allison 1995 & Nuri 2008
Category 2winds 83-95 ktSome damage to building roofs, doors and windows. Flooding damages piers and smallcraft in unprotected moorings may break their moorings. Some trees blown down.
- Examples: Bonnie 1998, Georges 1998 Category 3winds 96-113 kt
Some structural damage to small residences and utility buildings. Large trees blowndown. Poorly built signs destroyed. Flooding near the coast destroys smaller structureswith larger structures damaged by floating debris. Terrain may be flooded well inland.
- Examples: Keith 2000, Fran 1996, Category 4winds 114-135 kt
More extensive curtain wall failures with some complete roof structure failure on smallresidences. Major erosion of beach areas. Terrain may be floodedwell inland.
- Examples: Hugo 1989 and Dennis 1995 Category 5winds 135 kt +Complete roof failure on many residences and industrial buildings. Some completebuilding failures with small utility buildings blown over or away. Flooding causes majordamage to lower floors of all structures near the shoreline. Massive evacuation ofresidential areas may be required.
- Examples: Andrew 1992, Wilma 1995
Source: www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutsshs.shtml
http://eobglossary.gsfc.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/natural_hazards_v2.php3?img_id=15022http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/TCR-AL042005_Dennis.pdfhttp://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/TCR-AL042005_Dennis.pdfhttp://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/TCR-AL252005_Wilma.pdfhttp://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutsshs.shtmlhttp://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutsshs.shtmlhttp://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/TCR-AL252005_Wilma.pdfhttp://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/TCR-AL042005_Dennis.pdfhttp://eobglossary.gsfc.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/natural_hazards_v2.php3?img_id=15022 -
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Karl
Jeanne
Lisa
Ivan
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Storm Names
Each season Tropical Depressions which reach the levelof 39mph / 33knots are given names
Since 1953, Atlantic tropical storms have been named
from lists maintained and updated by the WorldMeteorological Organization.
The original name lists featured only women's names. In1979, men's names were introduced and they alternatewith the women's names.
Six lists are used in rotation. Thus, the 2007 list will beused again in 2013.
List of North Atlantic Names
http://severe.worldweather.wmo.int/http://severe.worldweather.wmo.int/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutnames.shtmlhttp://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutnames.shtmlhttp://severe.worldweather.wmo.int/http://severe.worldweather.wmo.int/ -
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Storm Name Retirement
The only time that there is a change is if astorm is so deadly or costly that the futureuse of its name on a different storm would
be considered inappropriate for obviousreasons of sensitivity.
Not all of the most deadly or costly stormsare the strongestTS Allison in 2001caused $5,000,000,000 damage.
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1 Andrew 1992 5 US$26,500,000,000
2 Charley 2004 4 15,000,000,000
3 Ivan 2004 3 14,200,000,000
4 Frances 2004 2 8,900,000,000
5 Hugo 1989 4 7,000,000,0006 Jeanne 2004 3 6,900,000,000
7 Allison 2001 TS 5,000,000,000
8 Floyd 1999 2 4,500,000,000
9 Isabel 2003 2 3,370,000,000
10 Fran 1996 3 3,200,000,000
Some of the costliest tropical cyclones
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2005 Hurricanes Katrina (August) was an extraordinarily powerful and
deadly hurricane that inflicted large loss of life. It wasthe costliest and one of the five deadliest hurricanes toever strike the United States.
Rita (September) was an intense Category 5 hurricaneover the central Gulf of Mexico and had the fourth-
lowest central pressure (895mb) on record in the Atlanticbasin.
Stan (October) was associated with disastrous inlandflooding across portions of Central America and Mexico,and some estimates of the death toll are as high as
2000. Wilma (October) formed and became an extremely
intense hurricane over the north western Caribbean Sea.It had the all-time lowest central pressure (882mb) foran Atlantic basin hurricane.
5 Hurricanes from 2005 have been retired
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Development1
A pre-existing area of low pressure such as aTropical Disturbancein the North Atlantic. Warm tropical ocean water where the sea
surface temperature is at least 27C and
considerable depth of water. For formation the ITCZ must be at least 5of
latitude. There must be an absence of wind shear in the
upper troposphere, to enable strong verticalcloud development.
How a hurricane forms
http://mywebpages.comcast.net/herbwx/hurrican.htmlhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/world/03/hurricane_guide/html/default.stmhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/world/03/hurricane_guide/html/default.stmhttp://mywebpages.comcast.net/herbwx/hurrican.html -
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Development2
During the development of a TRS immenseamounts of heat are transported from seathrough clouds into the atmosphere and thenceto higher latitudes.
Once a tropical depression has formed aircontaining water vapour is drawn into the base. The moisture laden air ascends in the centre of
the cloud and cools as it rises. Water vapourcondenses to form the clouds and heat is
released which causes the air to rise faster. This process causes the wind speed to increase
and the escalation of the storm.
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Development TD TS
Weak low
Outflow aloft greater than Inflow
Warm sea surface
In flow
Moisture
evaporates
from sea
surface
Water droplets
condense in the
clouds Latent heatreleased into the
clouds
Air rises up
in the TD
Air rises
faster
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Development3
Eventually the spinning motion causes thecentre of the cloud mass to descend
toward the surface. Much in the same wayas emptying a wash basin creates avortex.
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Development TS TRS
CPV decreasing
Outflow aloft
Warm sea surface
In flow
Eye descends
Outflow aloft
In flow
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Development4
The vortexultimately becomes the eye ofthe storm, with cloud spiralling outward.
When the eye reaches the surface thestorm is classed as a full TRS (Hurricane,Typhoon, Cyclone)
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Development TS TRS
Outflow aloft
Anvil
Anvil
Cu
Cb
Cu Cu
Cb
Eye
Wall
Bar of
Storm
Hot
towers
Highest
Temperature
Warm Core
Subsidence
AdiabaticWarming
No
Cloud
Outflow aloft
200 100 0 100 200
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Twin Storms
In early May 2002 there was a strong westerly wind burstalong the equator in the western Indian Ocean.
This spawned twin cyclones in the northern and southern
hemispheres (TC 01A in the north and TC Kesiny in the
south).This area of strong westerlies and convective activity
propagated eastwards and proceeded to spawn a second set
of twin vortices in the eastern Indian Ocean a few days later
(TC Cyclone 02B in the north and TC Errol in the south).
The meteorological activity continued eastwards into the
Pacific Ocean and was responsible for the formation of Super
Tyhoon Hagibis in the NW Pacific and possibly Hurricane
Alma in the NE Pacific in the following two weeks.
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Movement1Initially the Tropical Depression moves in a westerlydirection[4, 9, 12] carried on the general windmovement of the Trade winds.It must be remembered that these storms are veryintense areas of low pressure and although the windflows into them, their intensity is not reduced.Historical data shows us that they follow 2 possibletracks. If they are blocked by an area of High pressure,they: continue to move west until encountering land[Emily 2005]; turn and move towards the pole[Fabian 2003];
Alternatively the Meteorological forecaster may try todetermine which way the storm will go based on thecurrent synoptic situation.
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Movement2
With all of the technology available toforecasters it is still very difficult to sayexactly where a storm is going to go
Erratic Just plain nasty
Track of Hurricane Katrina
Hurricane Gamede 2006
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Decay
As the storms are powered by the heat ofthe ocean, they will decay when deprivedof the energy source.
This occurs when they move: To cooler water;
Over the land;
To an area of strong wind shear and theclouds are ripped apart.
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Hurricane Gilbert
BBC documentary on Hurricaneforecasting
Happened to coincide with the arrival ofa Category 5 TRS
Old but relevant
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Make sure you understand:
The requirements for the formation of aTRS
How a storm develops Storm classification and symbology Influences on a storms movement
How a storm decays
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Katrina (2005)
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Fabian(2003)
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Emily (2005)
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Erratic
MovementKate (2003)
Nicholas
(2003)
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Heat Transfer
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Links
Animation "How a hurricane forms" NOAA Archive 2005
Retired Hurricane Names 1954-2005
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/3565052.stmhttp://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2005/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/retirednames.shtmlhttp://www.nhc.noaa.gov/retirednames.shtmlhttp://www.nhc.noaa.gov/retirednames.shtmlhttp://www.nhc.noaa.gov/retirednames.shtmlhttp://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2005/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/3565052.stm -
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Tropical Basins
F i f N h A l i
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Formation of a North AtlanticHurricane
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2005
2007
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Recent Retired Storms
1995LuisMarilyn
OpalRoxanne
1996CesarFran
Hortense
1997
1998Georges
Mitch
1999FloydLenny
2000Keith
2001Allison
IrisMichelle
2002Isidore
Lili
2003Fabian
IsabelJuan
2004Charley
FrancesIvanJeanne
2005Dennis
KatrinaRitaStanWilma
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ITCZ in January
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ITCZ in July
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Tropical Cyclone Gamede
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Tropical Cyclone Gamede
Tropical Cyclone Gamede on February 27,
2007 at 10am local time, as it brought
world-record rains to La Reunion Island in
the Indian Ocean. At the time, Gamede
was a Category 2 storm with top winds of
100 mph.
Image credit: NASA Earth Observatory.
http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/natural_hazards_v2.php3?img_id=14145http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/natural_hazards_v2.php3?img_id=14145http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Sidr_14_nov_2007_0445Z.jpg -
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Sidr
Very SevereCyclonic Storm
Wind speeds>120knots
CPV
944 hPa
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Sidr_14_nov_2007_0445Z.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Sidr_14_nov_2007_0445Z.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Sidr_14_nov_2007_0445Z.jpg