Lecture Slides Week 1 2

8/3/2019 Lecture Slides Week 1 2

1/37


2/37

Understand . . .

what business research is, similarities with and differencesfrom other research

Trends and Drivers of business researchthe distinction between good business research and research

that falls short of professional quality

the value of learning business research process skills


3/37

What is BR?A process ofdetermining, acquiring, analyzing,synthesizing, and disseminating relevant businessdata, information, and insights to decision makersin ways that mobilize the organization to take

appropriate business actions that,in turn, maximize business performance

BR is not necessary unless the ff:

Can information be applied to a critical decision? Does it improve managerial decision-making? and Are sufficient resources available?


4/37

1-4

ComplexDecisions

StakeholderInfluence

StakeholderInfluence

Competition

Competition

Factors

Factors

Growth ofInternet

Business asa discipline

Business asa discipline

Government

Intervention

Government

Intervention

GreaterComputing

Power

GreaterComputing

Power

NewResearch

Perspectives

NewResearch

Perspectives


5/37

1-5

Organizational

Mission

BusinessStrategies

BusinessTactics

Business

Goals


6/37

1-6


7/37

Natural Science: Biology, physics, chemistry,

etc. Social Science: studies and the collection of

methods applied by researches to produce ascientifically based knowledge about thesocial world.

Also known as soft science or Pseudoscience. It is uses the ideas or information clothed in

the jargon and outward appearance ofscience to win acceptance. Examples: behavior, practices, beliefs, etc.


8/37

Research may be: Create knowledge for intellectual purposes or

Corroborating practices or shaping policies

Neither for academic or application purposes(new)

Adopts scientific methods: ideas, rules,techniques, approaches, etc. used to create andevaluate knowledge

Has ontological or epistemological assumptions-

scientific attitude (how the world in observed,measured and interpreted).

Deductive or Inductive Reasoning


9/371-9

Clearly defined purposeClearly defined purpose

Detailed research processDetailed research process

Thoroughly planned designThoroughly planned design

High ethical standardsHigh ethical standards

Limitations addressedLimitations addressed

Adequate analysisAdequate analysis

Unambiguous presentationUnambiguous presentation

Conclusions justifiedConclusions justified

CredentialsCredentials


10/372-10

Direct observationDirect observation

Clearly defined variablesClearly defined variables

Clearly defined methodsClearly defined methods

Empirically testableEmpirically testable

Elimination of

alternatives

Elimination of

alternativesStatistical justificationStatistical justification

Self-correcting processSelf-correcting process


11/37

Where will you position Business Research?

Explain

Answer: Business or management is multi-disciplinary

What do you think is the contributions ofBusiness Research?

See earlier slides


12/37

Sometimes used interchangeably.

Technically, the methods are concernedwith how data is collected and

information generated, and methodologyrelates to ones attitude andunderstanding of research and thestrategy to choose to achieve given

objectives.

Both methods and methodology areinfluenced by some assumptions, reasoning

and paradigms


13/37

An epistemological approach organizes and

explains knowledge in the form of theories.

For example, an epistemological approach toa theory of leadership might be based onexploring what we can observe abouteffective leadership in the real world.

So effective leadership might be observed asbeing associated with the possession ofcertain traits or characteristics on the part ofthe leader.


14/37

The ontological approach is based onsuggestions about the nature of

phenomena.

For example, an ontological approach todeveloping theories of leadership would

consist of views on the nature of effectiveleadership with or without reference aknowledge base.


15/37

Epistemology: what is the relationshipbetween the inquirer and the known- thenature of knowledge and the process bywhich knowledge is acquired and validated

Ontology: what kind of being is the humanbeing. Ontology deals with the question of

what is real.


16/37

2-16

Exposition Argument

InductionDeduction

Types of Discourse


17/37

Deductive research develops hypotheses ortheories and then tests them out throughempirical observation.

It is essentially a set of techniques forapplying theories in the real world in order totest and assess their validity.

Deductive research is the most widely usedresearch approach in the natural sciences.


18/37

Inductive the researcher developshypotheses and theories with a view to

explaining empirical observations of the realworld.

These empirical observations can be basedon many factors, for example, they cansimply be based on personal experience.


19/37

2-19

Inner-city householdinterviewing is especiallydifficult and expensive

Inner-city householdinterviewing is especiallydifficult and expensive

This survey involvessubstantial inner-city

household interviewing

This survey involvessubstantial inner-city

household interviewing

2002 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., McGraw-Hill/Irwin

The interviewing in thissurvey will be especiallydifficult and expensive

The interviewing in thissurvey will be especiallydifficult and expensive


20/37

2-20

Why didnt sales increase during ourpromotional event?

Regional retailers did not have sufficient stock tofill customer requests during the promotionalperiod

A strike by employees prevented stock fromarriving in time for promotion to be effective

A hurricane closed retail outlets in the region for10 days during the promotion


21/37

2-21

Deduction


22/37

2-22


23/37

Positivist paradigm- the object of study is independent of researchers; knowledge is discovered and verified through

direct observations or measurements ofphenomena;

facts are established by taking apart aphenomenon to examine its component parts.

The naturalist or constructivist view- knowledge is established through the meanings

attached to the phenomena studied; researchers interact with the subjects of study to

obtain data;

inquiry changes both researcher and subject;

and knowledge is context and time dependent


24/37

Using your own experiences in organizations,

suggest a hypothesis or theory that might serve toexplain a particular phenomenon you have notedfrom your experiences.

Example: Phenomenon noted: Older employees in an

organization seem to find it more difficult to adaptto new procedures.

Hypothesis/theory: In an organization age is a key

factor affecting resistance to change. Now select your own phenomenon and suggest a

hypothesis that might explain that.


25/37

2-25

Variables

ModelsModels

TheoryTheory

Terms usedin research

Terms usedin research

Constructs

Operationaldefinitions

Operationaldefinitions

Propositions/

Hypotheses

Propositions/

Hypotheses

Conceptualschemes

ConceptualschemesConcepts

Concepts


26/37

2-26

Clear conceptualizationof concepts

Shared understandingof concepts

Successof

Research


27/37

2-27

FreshmanJunior

Senior

< 30 credit hours 30-50 credit hours

60-89 credit hours > 90 credit hours

How can we define the variable class level ofstudents?


28/37

2-28

Variable

EventEvent ActAct

CharacteristicCharacteristic TraitTrait


29/37

2-29

DichotomousMale/Female

Employed/ Unemployed

DiscreteEthnic backgroundEducational level

Religious affiliation

ContinuousIncome

TemperatureAge


30/37

2-30

IndependentVariable (IV)

Predictor

Presumed cause Stimulus Predicted from Antecedent Manipulated

Dependent Variable(DV)

Criterion

Presumed effect Response Predicted to. Consequence Measured outcome


31/37

2-31

Moderating Variables (MV) Extraneous Variables (EV) Intervening Variables (IVV)


32/37

2-32

The loss of mining jobs (IV) leads to acceptance ofhigher-risk behaviors to earn a family-supportingincome (DV) particularly among those with alimited education (MV).

Among residents with less than a high school

education (EV-control), the loss of jobs (IV) leadsto high-risk behaviors (DV), especially due to theproximity of the firing range (MV).

A promotion campaign (IV) will increase savings

activity (DV), especially when free prizes areoffered (MV), but chiefly among smaller savers(EV-control). The results come from enhancing themotivation to save (IVV).


33/37

2-33

Must be Generalizable:

Brand Manager Jones (case) has a higher-

than-average achievement motivation(variable).

Brand managers in Company Z (cases) have

a higher-than-average achievementmotivation (variable).


34/37

2-34

Descriptive In Ghana, the best

performing shares

for the month ofSeptember standsat 50.00%.

European countries

are experiencingbudget difficulties.

Research Question What is the market

share for of the

best performingshares on GSE? Are European

countries

experiencingbudget difficulties?


35/37

2-35

CorrelationalYoung women (under

35) purchase fewerunits of our product

than women who areolder than 35.

The number of suitssold varies directly

with the level of thebusiness cycle.

Causal An increase in family

income leads to anincrease in the

percentage of incomesaved.

Loyalty to a grocerystore increases the

probability ofpurchasing that storesprivate brandproducts.


36/37

2-36

Guide the direction of the studyGuide the direction of the study

Identify relevant factsIdentify relevant facts

Suggest most appropriate research

design

Suggest most appropriate researchdesign

Provide framework for organizingresulting conclusions

Provide framework for organizingresulting conclusions


37/37

AStrong

Hypothesis

Is

Adequate

Testable

Betterthan rivals

Lecture Slides Week 1 2

Documents

Transcript of Lecture Slides Week 1 2