Lecture Overview

• Theories & Concepts of Motivation

• Motivation & the brain• Theories & Concepts of Emotio

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©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

Theories & Concepts of Motivation: Important Definitions

• Motivation: set of factors that activate, direct, & maintain behavior, usually toward some goal

• Emotion: subjective feeling including arousal, cognitions, & expressions

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

Theories & Concepts of Emotion

• Three Components of Emotions

1. Physiological-- arousal comes from brain (particularly the limbic system) & autonomic nervous system (ANS)

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

Theories & Concepts of Emotion

• Research Highlight• Mirror Neurons: brain cells that

fire both when performing specific actions and when observing specific actions or emotions of another; this “mirroring” may explain empathy, imitation, language, etc.

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

Physiological Component & the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

Theories & Concepts of Emotion

• Three Components of Emotion (Continued)

2. Cognitive--thoughts, values, & expectations

3. Behavioral--expressions, gestures, & body positions

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

• Can you identify the social smile vs. the genuine, “Duchenne” smile? Real smiles involve muscles around both the eyes & cheeks. (Duchenne was a 19th C. neurologist who studied emotions & muscles.)

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

Theories & Concepts of Emotion-- Four Theories of Emotion

• James-Lange: subjective experience of emotion follows bodily arousal

• Cannon-Bard: arousal & emotion occur simultaneously

• Facial-Feedback: facial movements elicit arousal & specific emotions

• Schachter’s Two-Factor: arousal & label (or interpretation) produce emotion

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

Culture, Evolution, & Emotion

• Cultural similarities & differences: 7 to 10 culturally universal emotions, but each culture has its own display rules governing how, when, & where to express emotions

• Role of evolution: strong biological, evolutionary basis for emotional expression & decoding

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

Facing our Fears

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010