Lecture on sociology and anthropolocy

7/24/2019 Lecture on sociology and anthropolocy

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Subject Code:SOAN

No. of Units:3

Course Description:A study of society and culture withemphasis on the patterns and processes of humanrelations, mans development and role in the changes

that occur in the society, and social issues involvingpopulation growth, environment degradation, rural andurban poverty.

Instructor !A"ISO# $. %&SO,!!'IS!( )oly *hild *olleges

of +utuan

Sociology andAnthropology


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Sociology and Anthropology

Syllabus Outline

I. Principles and oundation of

Sociology and AnthropologyII. !he Person and the Society

III. !he Social Institutions

I". Social Changes


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#earning Objecti$es:

Cogniti$e ma-e the students understandhow society wor-s and how such is aectedby individual and human behavior.

$evelop an appreciation of sociology that mayencourage, enabling students to positivelyshape and in/uence practice.

A%ecti$e 0ncourage students to

inculcate in their minds and hearts thevalue of good membership within a speci1clarge scale community.


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Psycho&otor ma-e the studentsapply in reality the various elementsand values in the study of societyand human development.

the role of sociology in e2ploring socialissues in health and the social worlds of

patients, nurses and other health carewor-ers.

#earning Objecti$es:


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hy study Sociology andAnthropology4

As your e2perience in clinical practicedevelops you will come across patientswith a wide range of concerns and from a

diversity of social bac-grounds. 5or students to demonstrate the practical

relevance of sociology to nursing, and to

e2plore how sociology may provide themwith e2citing new ways with which tounderstand the needs of your patients.


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%o e2amine social facets of healthand illness, social function of healthinstitutions and organi6ations, the

relationship of health care delivery toother social systems and socialbehavior of health personnel and

consumers of health care.



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%o understand relationships betweenhealth phenomena and social factors.

%o e2amine sociological perspectivein medical sociology health, illnessand medical care



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Sociology and Anthropology asa SCI'NC'

It is under Social Sciences(hich is involves the study of

society, social relations, andhuman behavior. 0conomics, 7olitical Science,

7sychology, Sociology, Anthropology,and )istory


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%he other classi1cation of science isNatural Sciences study phenomena andprocesses as well as ob8ects in nature, and

provide systematic information about thenonhuman and physical aspects of thenatural world.

+iology, 7hysics, *hemistry, Astronomy,

9eology


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Anthropology


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Anthropology

)ho are you*

)hat &a+esyou*

)hat is your

place in this(orld*


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Anthropology

EtymologicalDe,nition

-anthropos /0ree+1 2 -&an

-logos /0ree+1 2 -study

Essential De,nition

3ranch of +no(ledge (hich deals(ith the scienti,c study of &an4 his(or+s4 body4 beha$ior and $alues(ithin a speci,c ti&e and space.


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Anthropology

-scienti,c

physical4 subject to ti&e and space

hu&an e$olution

fossils of &an

geographical population processesof change archeological and

prehistoric


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Anthropology

-5&an6s (or+s4 body4 beha$iorand $alues

Disco$ers (hen4 (here and(hy hu&ans appeared on earth

)hy there are $ariations inphysical features

Ancient custo&s and practices


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Anthropology

-7an

ocal point ofanthropologi

calin$estigationand analysis

8egardless of

color4a9liation4belief4technology


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Anthropology-7an

(or+s andachie$e&ents

Arts

Architecture !echnology

Sculpture

#iterature

7usic

Architecture


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Anthropology

o( and (hy &an ha$echanged

o( and (hy societies acrossculture and ti&e ha$e di%erentcusto&ary ideas and practices

3elief4 politics4 religion4 sociallife4 aesthetics4 health


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Introduction toAnthropology

Anthropology is the studyof the human species and its

immediate ancestorsocus: the feature that isuni:ue to humans the

cultural behavior.


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Introduction toAnthropology

the study of humanity and itssociety

It is a scienti1c study ofhumanity, the similarities anddiversity of cultures, and itattempts to present an

integrated picture of human-ind.


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+ranches of Anthropology


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;. Physical . CulturalAnthropology/subdi$isions1

'thnography/puredescription of

culture1


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>. CulturalAnthropology/subdi$isions1

'thnology/co&parisonof one culture

(ith another1


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>. CulturalAnthropology

/subdi$isions1

'thnology/co&parisonof oneculture (ithanother1


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>. Cultural Anthropology/subdi$isions1@

%he study of human society andculture; describes, analy6es,interprets, e2plains social andcultural similarities anddierences.


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>. CulturalAnthropology/subdi$isions1@

@@ SocialAnthropology/generali?ation

s on social lifeenthnology =ethnography1


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B. Archeology@%he study of humanbehavior and cultural patterns andprocesses through the cultures

material remains.


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B. Archeology@

@ 7an6s prehistoric culture andsociety

ossils /organic1

Artifacts /&an &ade1


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. #inguistics

%he descriptive, comparative, andhistorical study of language and oflinguistic similarities and dierencesin time, space, < society.


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. #inguistics

8ecorded andunrecorded

languages 8elationship

bet(een language

and culture


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Unifying !he&es #in+ed(ith Anthropology

Uni$ersalis&

All people are fully and

e:ually human, whetherthey belong to indigenous

groups or an urbani6edarea.


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Integration

Anthropologists view societies

within the conte2t of the largerworld or global perspective sothat the in/uence of the globalmar-ets on small island societies,

as well as the strategic concernsof foreign powers, is also studied.

Unifying !he&es #in+ed

(ith Anthropology


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Adaptation

Anthropologists studyhow humans are aectedby their surroundings or

environment and whatad8ustments they ma-e.


(ith Anthropology


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olis&

It means getting the whole

picture of a phenomenonand the application of-nowledge from dierent1elds in order to understandan aspect of behavior.


(ith Anthropology


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"ole of medial anthropology

!edical anthropology is the crosscultural study of medical systemsand the study of bio'ecological and

socio'cultural factors that in/uencethe incidence of health and diseasenow and throughout human history.


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Areas where the medical anthropologists doresearch

human evolution

Anatomy

7aediatrics

0pidemiology

mental health

drug abuse

de1nition of healthand disease

training of medicalpersonnel

medical bureaucracies

hospital organi6ation

and operations the doctor patient

relationship

process of bringing

scienti1c medicine tousers of traditionalmedicine.


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%he medical anthropology can be studied as

bi'polar process whose one pole is biological inwhich one studies human growth anddevelopment, role of disease in human evolution

and study of disease of ancient man.

sociocultural pole where one studies traditionalmedical systems, illness behaviour, doctorpatient relationship, introduction of western

medicine to traditional societies and in betweenthis there is epidemiology and cultural ecology.


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!edical anthropology encompasses thestudy of medical phenomena as they arein/uenced by social and cultural factors

and social and cultural phenomena asthey are in/uenced by these medicalaspects.

!edical anthropology is concerned with

the biocultural understanding of man andhis wor-s in relation to health andmedicine.


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!edical anthropology studies therelationship between humanevolution and disease in the past, the

biological and cultural determinantsof disease, health and health care,the basis and eectiveness of

traditional health care systems andsuggests ways to integrate modernmedicine into traditional societies


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!edical anthropology doesn=t study therelationship of individual person to diseasebut studies the relationship between the

biological and cultural characteristics of agroup>ethnic or racial? and its resistance ofsusceptibility to various diseases in view ofdierent genetic constitution.

It also studies the traditional medicalsystems but not the modern systems ofmedicine.


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It helps to understand the diseaseprevalence and susceptibility to thegenetic ma-e'up of a man belonging

to a particular race or ethnicity,impact of disease on humanevolution and the impact of these

inherent ethnic and racial dierenceson the functioning and acceptabilityof health care. >@


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Sociology


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Sociology

)ho are thepeople aroundyou*

)hat is theirstory*

o( do thesestories a%ectyou*Individuals ac:uire roles, norms and cultures of the

society through the process called sociali6ation.


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Sociology

'ty&ological De,nition

-socius /#atin1 2 -group social acts, socialrelationships, and social organi6ations,

< social processes?C!ain focus is the group and not theindividuals.

d i


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Introduction to

Sociology Sociology is concerned with the recurrentand repetitive forms of behavior, attitudes,beliefs, values, norms, and social institutions

which ma-e up the social order. Sociologists see+ not only the description

but also the e2planation of social behavior.

Sociologists are interested in

interactions between people, the way inwhich people act toward, respond to, andin/uence one another.

Sociological


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SociologicalI&agination

Charles )right 7ills /;FHF1 coinedthe term Sociological Imagination.

' It is used to underscore

the relationship between

what is happening in peoples

personal lives and the

social forces that surround

them.

Sociological


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is a :uality of mind, a capacity tounderstand the interplay of man andsociety, of biography and history, of

self and the world. It is a mindset that enables the

individuals to e2amine their own

e2perience by locating themselves inthe period in which they live and bystudying the events in the society.

Sociological


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In this way they can betterunderstand the relationshipbet(een their life and what is

happening in the society, thusgaining a wider potential freedomfrom social pressures.

'&ergence of Sociology


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'&ergence of Sociologyand Anthropology

DEth DFth*entury >7eriod of discoveries ande2plorations?

' the beginning of anthropology

' accounted from estern e2plorers, missionaries,

soldiers, and colonial oGcials

0arly DFth*entury /int tools and artifacts werediscovered in 0urope

0dward %ylor the 1rst professor of

anthropology in O2ford, 0ngland

5ran6 +roas the 1rst professor of

anthropology in the &nited States.



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DF@H ethnographersapproached the study of localculture.

D@th DFth *entury development of sociology began

in 5rance, pioneered by )enri deSaint'Simon and Aguste *omte




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Hth century modern anthropology startedpioneered by 0dward %ylor, #ewis !organ,and )erbert Spencer

Structural functionalism was used by 5ran6+roas and Alfred Jroeber.

Other anthropologists followed

' +ronislaw !alinows-i and A.". "adclie

+rown' "alph #inton, "uth +enedict, and !argaret!ead.

!he De$elop&ent of


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!he De$elop&ent ofSociology

Auguste Co&te /;EFG@;GHE1' he believed that a theoreticalscience of society andsystematic investigation ofbehavior were needed toimprove society.

' he coined the ter&-sociology

' he considered sociology as

the :ueenB and itspractitioners scientists'priestsB

!he De$elop&ent of
http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0oGklfDNkVHZhQBknFXNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTB0ajVkMDdtBHNlYwNzYwRjb2xvA3NrMQR2dGlkA0RGUjVfMTIz/SIG=1fe97vb54/EXP=1195804739/**http%3A//images.search.yahoo.com/images/view%3Fback=http%253A%252F%252Fsearch.yahoo.com%252Fsearch%253Fei%253DUTF-8%2526p%253Dpictures%252BAugust%252Bcomte%2526rd%253Dr1%2526meta%253Dvc%25253Dph%2526fp_ip%253DPH%26w=200%26h=230%26imgurl=www.raffiniert.ch%252Fimages%252Fcomte.jpg%26size=10.3%26name=comte.jpg%26rcurl=http%253A%252F%252Fwww.raffiniert.ch%252Fscomte.html%26rurl=http%253A%252F%252Fwww.raffiniert.ch%252Fscomte.html%26p=august%2Bcomte%26type=jpeg%26no=2%26tt=161


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arriet 7artineau /;GK>@;GEL1' oered insightful observations ofthe customs and social practices ofnative +ritain and &nited States.

' wrote a boo- Society in AmericaB

' conducted a research on thenature of fe&ale e&ploy&ent.

!he De$elop&ent of


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erbert Spencer/;G>K@;FKB1

' applied the conceptof evolution of thespecies to thesocieties in order toe2plain how they

change over time.' adapted $arwinssurvival of the 1ttestB

!he De$elop&ent of


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'&ile Dur+hei& /;GHG@;F;E1

' 1rst professor of sociologyin 5rance

@ insisted that beha$ior&ust be understood(ithin a larger conteMt4not just in indi$idualisticter&s.

' interested on -anomie>the loss of direction that asociety feels when socialcontrol of individual behavior

has become ineective?

!he De$elop&ent of


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7aM )eber /;GL1' taught his students aboutverstehenB ' 9erman word forunderstandingB or insightB

' pointed out that to fullyco&prehend beha$ior4 (e &ustlearn the subjecti$e &eaningspeople attach to their actions ho( they $ie( and eMplain theirbeha$ior' credited for a -ey conceptual tool,the ideal typeB

Ideal !ype is a construct, a made'upmodel that serves as a measuring rodagainst which actual cases can beevaluated.

' it was used to study family, religion,authority, economic systems, F1

' preferred to use thesociological perspective to loo-1rst at smaller units families,

gangs, friendship networ-s' increased our understandingof groups relatively small si6e

7odern De$elop&ents


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pof Sociology

ane Adda&s /;GLK@;FBH1' member of AmericanSociological Society

' with other female sociologists,they combined intellectualin:uiry , social service wor-, . Social Psychology

study of hu&an nature as anoutco&e of group life4 social

attitudes4 collecti$e beha$ior andpersonality for&ation.

A f S i l


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Areas of Sociology

B. Social change anddisorgani?ation

study of change in culture and

social relations and disruptionsthat &ay occur in the society.

A f S i l


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Areas of Sociology

. u&an ecology

study of nature and beha$ior of agi$en population as an outco&e of

group life4 social attitudes4collecti$e beha$ior andpersonality for&ation.


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A f S i l


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Areas of Sociology

H. Population < De&ography

study of population nu&ber4co&position4 change and Juality as

they a%ect the socio@econo&ic@political syste&.

A f S i l


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Areas of Sociology

L. Sociologicaltheory and&ethod

concerned(ith theapplicability ofprinciples andtheories ofgroup life tosocialen$iron&ent.

A f S i l


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Areas of Sociology

E. Applied sociology

use of sociological researches in$arious ,elds such as cri&inology4

social (or+4 co&&unityde$elop&ent and other socialissues.

A


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Areas

"esearchable topics


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"esearchable topics !he e%ects of O) pheno&ena to fa&ily

@;> perception and $iability a&ong

isher&en of #aguna

!he condition of ilipino nurses

!he econo&ics of fashion a&ong collegestudents

Prostitution a&ong higher educationstudents

Di%erent culture a&ong colleges

SOCIO#O0 AN!8OPO#O0


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SOCIO#O0

ocuses on social

processes 8ecent social science

Understand (ay of life4society culture

Co&pli&ented byanthropologicalresearch

Originated fro&)estern ci$ili?ation/historical1

7ethod: particular/sa&pling1

AN!8OPO#O0

ocuses on culture

8ecent social science

Understand (ay oflife4 society culture

Co&pli&ented by

sociologicalresearches

Originated fro&pri&iti$e groups

/pre@historic1 7ethod: generic

/holistic1

Anthropology and


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p gySociology

3oth sciences atte&pt to understand(ay of life as &anifested by theinterdependence of society and culture

Sociology ?oo&s in at social process4

(hereas4 Anthropology focuses onculture

Anthropological studies are used bysocial scientists and $ice $ersa

!hus4 both sciences are inti&atelyrelated to each otheri.e.4 humanities.

et o o ogy oSociology and


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Sociology and

AnthropologyScientificInvestigation

et o o ogy oSociology and


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Sociology and

Anthropology '&pirical In$estigation Direct eMperience of the

pheno&ena

Use of the senses

!ethodology of Sociology


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gy gyand Anthropology

Objecti$ity Date &ust be presented4 analy?ed

and interpreted independently of

the researcher6s o(n beliefs and$alue judg&ents.

-)hat you see and not (hat you(ant to see



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'thnical neutrality Neutral in

interpretation of

one6s ,ndings4(ithout beinginQuenced by his$alue judg&ent and

con$ictions abouthis o(n culture.



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Sociological I&agination/). )right7ills61

#ocating oneself in the period of the

society being studied in der tounderstand relationships free fro&social pressures of his ti&e.

Scienti1c Investigation


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8ele$ance of StudyingSociology and


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Sociology andAnthropology

3etterunderstanding ofculture andsociety

'Mpansionof our (orld

perspecti$e

"elevance of Sociology and


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Anthropology Identi,cation of

uniJueness ofone6s group

Pro$idea$enues ofrespect and

acceptance

"elevance of Sociology and


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Anthropology Application of Socio@

Anthropological +no(ledge tothe production and design of

people6s needs.

to for&ulate ho( these needs be+ t


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+no(n to e$eryone.

at to oo at orSociological 7erspective for


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Sociological 7erspective for

nurses4 %he units of analysis in medical sociology are the smallest social unit of relationships between

doctor and patient, doctor and nurse and others

organi6ational unit includes hospitals, medical

associations etc., social status which refers to occupational

categories li-e doctor, nurse etc. and communityand society where neighborhood health center,public health center and accessibility of primaryhealth care can be studied.

Signi1cance of !edial


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Sociology 0very society has its own de1nition

of health, illness and disease.

%he medical sociology helps in

understanding distribution andaetiology of disease in the society,the social and cultural perspective on

disease, roles and attitude towardstreatment.


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!edical sociology contributes tosocial aspects of medicine, for e.g.social factors involved in illness, the

behavior of patients, medicalprofessionals and other healthwor-ers as well as dierent types of

medical organi6ations.


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%he contribution of medical sociology isin two spheres

Sociology in medicine

%he sociology in medicine deals with analysis ofaetiology of health disorders, dierences in socialattitude towards health and the recognition ofrelation of social variables li-e se2 and age to theincidence of a speci1c health disorder.

So, this is a type of applied research motivatedby a medical problem rather than a sociologicalproblem.


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' Sociology of medicine' %he sociology of medicine deals with organi6ation=s

role, relationships, norms, values and beliefs ofmedical practice as a form of human behavior.

' %he social processes that occur in a medical settingare studied.

' Sociology of medicine is research and analysis ofmedical environment from a sociological perspective.

following aspects of public


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health

Social determinants and distribution ofdisease

attitudes and behavior of individuals and alsoindividuals in group settings towards health

and illness and this in turn decides theirconcept of health and illness, health see-ingbehavior and their level of acceptancetowards modern form of medicine, their

perceived health needs and their acceptanceor re8ection of various health programs.

following aspects of public


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It also studies the social environment ofmedicine and helps to design thecurricula of trainings for health personnel.

it also studies the relationship betweenhealth provider and consumer, and thusdecides the preference of consumer for aparticular type of service as well as

compliance of the consumer to thephysician=s advice.

health

medical sociology covers the following aspects ofbli h lth


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It studies the medical organi6ationsin structural and functional manner.

public health


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!edical sociology helps tounderstand the various factorsrelated with a healthy or ill person

and not the disease process itselfand its speci1c aetiology. %hus, itscontribution is more towards

understanding the problem from apreventive and promotive aspect.


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Sociology can help nurses to achievetheir primary ob8ectives of goodpatient care.

As nursing and sociology are bothconcerned with people and theirinteractions, it s li-ely that the theories>or material? developed in either

discipline of nursing or sociology willprovide insight for the other .e.g.sociolisation, deviance, family etc.


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A study of sociology will help a nurseto gain insight into factors in theculture and social bac-ground of

patients and various groups in thesociety which have a direct bearing onthe health and welfare of the peoplein the community to whom she(hemust render a service. %his -nowledgewill help her to serve more eectively.


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Jnowledge of sociology will helpnurses in their process of professionalsociali6ation, especially in the area of

nurse'patient relationship for thesuccessful interaction and outcomesthey will have to be sensitive topatients social and emotional needsin addition to their technical>medical? competence.


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%he delivery of heath care isessentially a social activity, gainingan understanding of the social

processes involved would improvenurses social interaction withcolleagues and all those with whom

she deals with in her course of wor-.


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Sociological understanding shouldhelp a nurse appreciate why peoplerespond dierently to their

symptoms of illness and whydierences e2ist between individualsand groups in relations to health and

illness


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%he study of social factors in the etiologyof disease plays a signi1cant role incausing a wide range of diseases.

Some illnesses may be socially inducedand can therefore be most eectivelytreated or prevented by action based onthe understanding of cultural patterns and

social actions of the people and not onlyon -nowledge of drugs and human biology

Sociology as a behaviorali


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science +ehavioural science courses provide

some -nowledge that helps us tounderstand the human patterns in relation tohealth and illness.

hy health or illness is promoted or complicatedby the type of food we eat

hy we accept or refuse family planning

ho determines when and where a sic- person

should see- medical help > whether from hospitalor traditional healer?

hy %+ is common in overclouded communities.

Sociological Imagination


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Sociological Imagination

Society as a whole Illness is a very private trouble, and yet

a very public issue, not least because of

the social causes of much ill health andpremature death. %he individual dying oflung cancer faces a very personaltragedy, and yet this is also a public

matter as the recent debates on tobaccoadvertising and sponsorship haveemphasi6ed.


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%he way society is organi6ed 5or sociologists, the e2perience of

sic-ness and disease is an outcome of

the organi6ation of the society. 7oorliving and wor-ing conditions ma-epeople sic-er and poorer people dieearlier than their counterparts at the top

of the social system.


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)istorical perspective%he sociological imagination is historical in

that it allows us to understand thedistinctive nature of our present society by

comparing it with the past e.g. sociologistscan study how historical changes in patternsof social life can e2plain changes in patternsof illness. Sociology provides a window to

the social world that lies outside us. It allowsus to see the many social forces that shapeour lives


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&nity amidst diversityM


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&nity amidst diversityM


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"eferences "ole of !edical Sociology and

Anthropology in 7ublic )ealth and )ealth

System $evelopment.1le(((*(&sers(user($ownloads(K'EFEK'D'7+.pdf

+asic Studies in Nursing Sociology

1le(((*(&sers(user($ownloads(sociology'DKHEED@HD'phpappH.pdfInset,HD.


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