Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence 12876

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Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence 12876 Subseries of Lecture Notes in Computer Science Series Editors Randy Goebel University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada Yuzuru Tanaka Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan Wolfgang Wahlster DFKI and Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany Founding Editor Jörg Siekmann DFKI and Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany

Transcript of Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence 12876

Page 1: Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence 12876

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence 12876

Subseries of Lecture Notes in Computer Science

Series Editors

Randy GoebelUniversity of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada

Yuzuru TanakaHokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan

Wolfgang WahlsterDFKI and Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany

Founding Editor

Jörg SiekmannDFKI and Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany

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More information about this subseries at http://www.springer.com/series/1244

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Ngoc Thanh Nguyen · Lazaros Iliadis ·Ilias Maglogiannis · Bogdan Trawinski (Eds.)

ComputationalCollective Intelligence13th International Conference, ICCCI 2021Rhodes, Greece, September 29 – October 1, 2021Proceedings

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EditorsNgoc Thanh NguyenWrocław University of Scienceand TechnologyWrocław, Poland

Nguyen Tat Thanh UniversityHo Chi Minh city, Vietnam

Ilias MaglogiannisUniversity of PiraeusPiraeus, Greece

Lazaros IliadisDemocritus University of ThraceKimmeria, Xanthi, Greece

Bogdan TrawinskiWrocław University of Scienceand TechnologyWrocław, Poland

ISSN 0302-9743 ISSN 1611-3349 (electronic)Lecture Notes in Artificial IntelligenceISBN 978-3-030-88080-4 ISBN 978-3-030-88081-1 (eBook)https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-88081-1

LNCS Sublibrary: SL7 – Artificial Intelligence

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of thematerial is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or informationstorage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology nowknown or hereafter developed.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoes not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevantprotective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book arebelieved to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editorsgive a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors oromissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims inpublished maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AGThe registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

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Preface

This volume contains the proceedings of the 13th International Conference onComputational Collective Intelligence (ICCCI 2021), held in Rhodes, Greece, duringSeptember 29 – October 1, 2021. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic the conference wasorganized in a hybrid mode which allowed for both on-site and online paper presen-tations. The conference was hosted by the Democritus University of Thrace, Greece,and jointly organized by Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Poland,in cooperation with the IEEE SMC Technical Committee on Computational Collec-tive Intelligence, the European Research Center for Information Systems (ERCIS), theUniversity of Piraeus, Greece, and the International University-VNU-HCM, Vietnam.

Following the successes of the first ICCCI (2009) in Wrocław, Poland, the secondICCCI (2010) in Kaohsiung, Taiwan, the Third ICCCI (2011) in Gdynia, Poland, the 4thICCCI (2012) inHoChiMinhCity, Vietnam, the 5th ICCCI (2013) in Craiova, Romania,the 6th ICCCI (2014) in Seoul, South Korea, the 7th ICCCI (2015) in Madrid, Spain,the 8th ICCCI (2016) in Halkidiki, Greece, the 9th ICCCI (2017) in Nicosia, Cyprus,the 10th ICCCI (2018) in Bristol, UK, the 11th ICCCI (2019) in Hendaye, France, andthe 12th ICCCI (2020) in Da Nang, Vietnam, this conference continued to provide aninternationally respected forum for scientific research in the computer-based methodsof collective intelligence and their applications.

Computational collective intelligence (CCI) is most often understood as a sub-field of artificial intelligence (AI) dealing with soft computing methods that facilitategroup decisions or processing knowledge among autonomous units acting in distributedenvironments. Methodological, theoretical, and practical aspects of CCI are consideredas the form of intelligence that emerges from the collaboration and competition of manyindividuals (artificial and/or natural). The application of multiple computational intel-ligence technologies such as fuzzy systems, evolutionary computation, neural systems,consensus theory, etc., can support human and other collective intelligence, and createnew forms of CCI in natural and/or artificial systems. Three subfields of the applicationof computational intelligence technologies to support various forms of collective intel-ligence are of special interest but are not exclusive: the Semantic Web (as an advancedtool for increasing collective intelligence), social network analysis (as the field targetedat the emergence of new forms of CCI), and multi-agent systems (as a computationaland modeling paradigm especially tailored to capture the nature of CCI emergence inpopulations of autonomous individuals).

The ICCCI 2021 conference featured a number of keynote talks and oral presenta-tions, closely aligned to the theme of the conference. The conference attracted a sub-stantial number of researchers and practitioners from all over the world, who submittedtheir papers for the main track and nine special sessions.

The main track, covering the methodology and applications of CCI, included knowl-edge engineering and SemanticWeb, social networks and recommender systems, collec-tive decision-making, data mining and machine learning, computer vision techniques,and natural language processing, as well as the Internet of Things: technologies and

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applications. The special sessions, covering some specific topics of particular inter-est, included cooperative strategies for decision making and optimization, IoT andcomputational technologies for collective intelligence, smart industry and managementsystems, machine learning in real-world data, knowledge-intensive smart services andtheir applications, swarms of UAVs, low resource languages processing, computationalcollective intelligence and natural language processing, and computational intelligencefor multimedia understanding.

We received over 230 papers submitted by authors coming from 45 countries aroundthe world. Each paper was reviewed by at least three members of the internationalProgram Committee (PC) of either the main track or one of the special sessions. Finally,we selected 60 best papers for oral presentation and publication in one volume of theLecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence series and 58 papers for oral presentation andpublication in one volume of the Communications in Computer and Information Scienceseries.

We would like to express our thanks to the keynote speakers: Plamen Angelov fromLancaster University, UK, Yannis Manolopoulos from the Open University of Cyprus,Cyprus, Daniele Nardi from Sapienza Università di Roma, Italy, and Andrzej Skowronfrom the Systems Research Institute of Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland, for theirworld-class plenary speeches.

Many people contributed toward the success of the conference. First, we would liketo recognize the work of the PC co-chairs and special sessions organizers for taking goodcare of the organization of the reviewing process, an essential stage in ensuring the highquality of the accepted papers. Theworkshop and special session chairs deserve a specialmention for the evaluation of the proposals and the organization and coordination of thenine special sessions. In addition, we would like to thank the PC members, of the maintrack and of the special sessions, for performing their reviewing work with diligence.Wethank the Local Organizing Committee chairs, publicity chair, Web chair, and technicalsupport chair for their fantastic work before and during the conference. Finally, wecordially thank all the authors, presenters, and delegates for their valuable contributionto this successful event. The conference would not have been possible without theirsupport.

Our special thanks are also due to Springer for publishing the proceedings and to allthe other sponsors for their kind support.

It is our pleasure to announce that the ICCCI conference series continues to have aclose cooperation with the Springer journal Transactions on Computational CollectiveIntelligence, and the IEEESMCTechnicalCommittee onTransactions onComputationalCollective Intelligence.

Finally, we hope that ICCCI 2021 contributed significantly to the academic excel-lence of the field and will lead to the even greater success of ICCCI events in thefuture.

September 2021 Ngoc Thanh NguyenLazaros Iliadis

Ilias MaglogiannisBogdan Trawinski

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Organization

Organizing Committee

Honorary Chairs

Arkadiusz Wójs Wrocław University of Science and Technology,Poland

Fotios Maris Democritus University of Thrace, Greece

General Chairs

Ngoc Thanh Nguyen Wrocław University of Science and Technology,Poland

Lazaros Iliadis Democritus University of Thrace, Greece

Program Chairs

Costin Badica University of Craiova, RomaniaIlias Maglogiannis University of Piraeus, GreeceGottfried Vossen University of Münster, Germany

Steering Committee

Ngoc Thanh Nguyen Wrocław University of Science and Technology,Poland

Shyi-Ming Chen National Taiwan University of Science andTechnology, Taiwan

Dosam Hwang Yeungnam University, South KoreaLakhmi C. Jain University of South Australia, AustraliaPiotr Jedrzejowicz Gdynia Maritime University, PolandGeun-Sik Jo Inha University, South KoreaJanusz Kacprzyk Polish Academy of Sciences, PolandRyszard Kowalczyk Swinburne University of Technology, AustraliaToyoaki Nishida Kyoto University, JapanManuel Núñez Universidad Complutense de Madrid, SpainKlaus Solberg Söilen Halmstad University, SwedenKhoa Tien Tran International University-VNUHCM, Vietnam

Special Session Chairs

Bogdan Trawinski Wrocław University of Science and Technology,Poland

Elias Pimenidis University of the West of England, UK

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Doctoral Track Chairs

Marek Krótkiewicz Wrocław University of Science and Technology,Poland

Christos Makris University of Patras, Greece

Organizing Chairs

Antonis Papaleonidas Democritus University of Thrace, GreeceKrystian Wojtkiewicz Wrocław University of Science and Technology,

PolandAdrianna Kozierkiewicz Wrocław University of Science and Technology,

Poland

Publicity Chairs

Antonios Papaleonidas Democritus University of Thrace, GreeceMarcin Maleszka Wrocław University of Science and Technology,

Poland

Webmaster

Marek Kopel Wrocław University of Science and Technology,Poland

Local Organizing Committee

Anastasios-Panagiotis Psathas Democritus University of Thrace, GreeceDimitris Boudas Democritus University of Thrace, GreeceVasilis Kokkinos Democritus University of Thrace, GreeceMarcin Jodłowiec Wrocław University of Science and Technology,

PolandRafal Palak Wrocław University of Science and Technology,

PolandMarcin Pietranik Wrocław University of Science and Technology,

Poland

Keynote Speakers

Plamen Angelov Lancaster University, UKYannis Manolopoulos Open University of Cyprus, CyprusDaniele Nardi Sapienza Università di Roma, ItalyAndrzej Skowron Systems Research Institute, Polish Academy of

Sciences, Poland

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Special Session Organizers

CCINLP 2021: Special Session on Computational Collective Intelligenceand Natural Language Processing

Ismaïl Biskri University of Québec à Trois-Rivières, CanadaNadia Ghazzali University of Québec à Trois-Rivières, Canada

CSDMO 2021: Special Session on Cooperative Strategies for Decision Makingand Optimization

Piotr Jedrzejowicz Gdynia Maritime University, PolandDariusz Barbucha Gdynia Maritime University, PolandIreneusz Czarnowski Gdynia Maritime University, Poland

IOTCTCI 2021: Special Session on Internet of Things and ComputationalTechnologies for Collective Intelligence

Octavian Postolache Instituto de Telecomunicações, ISCTE-IUL,Portugal

Madina Mansurova Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Kazakhstan

IWCIM 2021: International Workshop on Computational Intelligencefor Multimedia Understanding

Davide Moroni National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Pisa,Italy

Maria Trocan Institut Supérieur d’Électronique de Paris, Paris,France

Behçet Ugur Töreyin Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey

KISSTA 2021: Special Session on Knowledge-Intensive Smart Services and TheirApplications

Thang Le Dinh University of Québec à Trois-Rivières, CanadaThanh Thoa Pham Thi Technological University Dublin, IrelandNguyen Cuong Pham University of Science, Ho Chi Ninh City, Vietnam

LRLP 2021: Special Session on Low Resource Languages Processing

Ualsher Tukeyev Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, KazakhstanMadina Mansurova Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Kazakhstan

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MLRWD 2021: Special Session on Machine Learning in Real-World Data

Jan Kozak University of Economics in Katowice, PolandKrzysztof Kania University of Economics in Katowice, PolandPrzemysław Juszczuk University of Economics in Katowice, PolandBarbara Probierz University of Economics in Katowice, Poland

SIMS 2021: Special Session on Smart Industry and Management Systems

Marcin Fojcik Western Norway University of Applied Sciences,Norway

Adam Ziebinski Silesian University of Technology, PolandRafał Cupek Silesian University of Technology, PolandDariusz Mrozek Silesian University of Technology, PolandMarcin Hernes Wroclaw University of Economics and Business,

Poland

SUAV 2021: Special Session on Swarms of UAVs

Frédéric V. G. Guinand Normandy University – UNIHAVRE, FranceFrançois Guérin Normandy University – UNIHAVRE, FranceGrégoire Danoy University of Luxembourg, LuxembourgSerge Chaumette University of Bordeaux, France

Senior Program Committee

Plamen Angelov Lancaster University, UKCostin Badica University of Craiova, RomaniaNick Bassiliades Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GreeceMária Bieliková Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava,

SlovakiaAbdelhamid Bouchachia Bournemouth University, UKDavid Camacho Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, SpainRichard Chbeir University of Pau and Pays de l’Adour, FranceShyi-Ming Chen National Taiwan University of Science and

Technology, TaiwanPaul Davidsson Malmo University, SwedenMohamed Gaber Birmingham City University, UKDaniela Godoy ISISTAN Research Institute, ArgentinaManuel Grana University of the Basque Country, SpainWilliam Grosky University of Michigan, USAFrancisco Herrera University of Granada, SpainTzung-Pei Hong National University of Kaohsiung, TaiwanDosam Hwang Yeungnam University, South KoreaLazaros Iliadis Democritus University of Thrace, GreeceMirjana Ivanovic University of Novi Sad, Serbia

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Organization xi

Piotr Jedrzejowicz Gdynia Maritime University, PolandGeun-Sik Jo Inha University, South KoreaKang-Hyun Jo University of Ulsan, South KoreaJanusz Kacprzyk Systems Research Institute, Polish Academy of

Sciences, PolandRyszard Kowalczyk Swinburne University of Technology, AustraliaOndrej Krejcar University of Hradec Kralove, Czech RepublicHoai An Le Thi University of Lorraine, FranceEdwin Lughofer Johannes Kepler University Linz, AustriaYannis Manolopoulos Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GreeceGrzegorz J. Nalepa AGH University of Science and Technology, PolandToyoaki Nishida Kyoto University, JapanManuel Núñez Universidad Complutense de Madrid, SpainGeorge A. Papadopoulos University of Cyprus, CyprusRadu-Emil Precup Politehnica University of Timisoara, RomaniaLeszek Rutkowski Czestochowa University of Technology, PolandTomasz M. Rutkowski University of Tokyo, JapanAli Selamat Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, MalaysiaEdward Szczerbicki University of Newcastle, AustraliaRyszard Tadeusiewicz AGH University of Science and Technology, PolandMuhammad Atif Tahir National University of Computer and Emerging

Sciences, PakistanJan Treur Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The NetherlandsBay Vo Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology,

VietnamGottfried Vossen University of Munster, GermanyLipo Wang Nanyang Technological University, SingaporeMichał Wozniak Wrocław University of Science and Technology,

PolandFarouk Yalaoui University of Technology of Troyes, FranceSlawomir Zadrozny Systems Research Institute, Polish Academy of

Sciences, Poland

Program Committee

Muhammad Abulaish South Asian University, IndiaSharat Akhoury University of Cape Town, South AfricaAna Almeida GECAD-ISEP-IPP, PortugalBashar Al-Shboul University of Jordan, JordanAdel Alti University of Setif, AlgeriaTaha Arbaoui University of Technology of Troyes, FranceThierry Badard Laval University, CanadaAmelia Badica University of Craiova, RomaniaHassan Badir Ecole Nationale des Sciences Appliquees de Tanger,

Morocco

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Dariusz Barbucha Gdynia Maritime University, PolandPaulo Batista Universidade de Evora, PortugalKhalid Benali University of Lorraine, FranceLeon Bobrowski Białystok University of Technology, PolandPeter Brida University of Žilina, SlovakiaIvana Bridova University of Žilina, SlovakiaKrisztian Buza Budapest University of Technology and Economics,

HungaryAleksander Byrski AGH University of Science and Technology, PolandFrantisek Capkovic Institute of Informatics, Slovak Academy of

Sciences, SlovakiaKennedy Chengeta University of KwaZulu Natal, South AfricaRaja Chiky Institut Supérieur d’Electronique de Paris, FranceAmine Chohra Paris-East Créteil University, FranceKazimierz Choros Wrocław University of Science and Technology,

PolandMihaela Colhon University of Craiova, RomaniaJose Alfredo Ferreira Costa Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte,

BrazilRafał Cupek Silesian University of Technology, PolandIreneusz Czarnowski Gdynia Maritime University, PolandCamelia Delcea Bucharest University of Economic Studies,

RomaniaTien V. Do Budapest University of Technology and Economics,

HungaryRim Faiz University of Carthage, TunisiaMarcin Fojcik Western Norway University of Applied Sciences,

NorwayAnna Formica IASI-CNR, ItalyFaiez Gargouri University of Sfax, TunisiaMauro Gaspari University of Bologna, ItalyK. M. George Oklahoma State University, USAJanusz Getta University of Wollongong, AustraliaDaniela Gifu University “Alexandru loan Cuza” of Iasi, RomaniaAntonio Gonzalez-Pardo Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, SpainFoteini Grivokostopoulou University of Patras, GreeceKenji Hatano Doshisha University, JapanMarcin Hernes Wrocław University of Economics, PolandHuu Hanh Hoang Hue University, VietnamFrédéric Hubert Laval University, CanadaMaciej Huk Wrocław University of Science and Technology,

PolandAgnieszka Indyka-Piasecka Wrocław University of Science and Technology,

PolandJoanna Jedrzejowicz University of Gdansk, PolandGordan Ježic University of Zagreb, Croatia

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Organization xiii

Przemysław Juszczuk University of Economics in Katowice, PolandPetros Kefalas University of Sheffield, GreeceRafał Kern Wrocław University of Science and Technology,

PolandZaheer Khan University of the West of England, UKMarek Kisiel-Dorohinicki AGH University of Science and Technology, PolandAttila Kiss Eotvos Lorand University, HungaryMarek Kopel Wrocław University of Science and Technology,

PolandLeszek Kotulski AGH University of Science and Technology, PolandIvan Koychev University of Sofia “St. Kliment Ohridski”, BulgariaJan Kozak University of Economics in Katowice, PolandAdrianna Kozierkiewicz Wrocław University of Science and Technology,

PolandDalia Kriksciuniene Vilnius University, LithuaniaDariusz Król Wrocław University of Science and Technology,

PolandMarek Krótkiewicz Wrocław University of Science and Technology,

PolandJan Kubicek VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, Czech

RepublicElzbieta Kukla Wrocław University of Science and Technology,

PolandJulita Kulbacka Wrocław Medical University, PolandMarek Kulbacki Polish-Japanese Academy of Information

Technology, PolandKazuhiro Kuwabara Ritsumeikan University, JapanHalina Kwasnicka Wrocław University of Science and Technology,

PolandPhilippe Lemoisson French Agricultural Research Centre for

International Development (CIRAD), FranceFlorin Leon “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi,

RomaniaMikołaj Leszczuk AGH University of Science and Technology, PolandDoina Logofatu Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences, GermanyJuraj Machaj University of Žilina, SlovakiaBernadetta Maleszka Wrocław University of Science and Technology,

PolandMarcin Maleszka Wrocław University of Science and Technology,

PolandUrszula Markowska-Kaczmar Wrocław University of Science and Technology,

PolandAdam Meissner Poznan University of Technology, PolandHéctor Menéndez University College London, UKMercedes Merayo Universidad Complutense de Madrid, SpainJacek Mercik WSB University in Wrocław, Poland

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Radosław Michalski Wrocław University of Science and Technology,Poland

Peter Mikulecky University of Hradec Kralove, Czech RepublicMiroslava Mikušová University of Žilina, SlovakiaJavier Montero Universidad Complutense de Madrid, SpainDariusz Mrozek Silesian University of Technology, PolandManuel Munier University of Pau and Pays de l’Adour, FranceLaurent Nana University of Brest, FranceAnand Nayyar Duy Tan University, VietnamFilippo Neri University of Napoli Federico II, ItalyLinh Anh Nguyen University of Warsaw, PolandLoan T. T. Nguyen International University-VNUHCM, VietnamSinh Van Nguyen International University-VNUHCM, VietnamThi Thanh Sang Nguyen International University-VNUHCM, VietnamAdam Niewiadomski Lodz University of Technology, PolandAdel Noureddine University of Pau and Pays de l’Adour, FranceAgnieszka Nowak-Brzezinska University of Silesia, PolandAlberto Núñez Universidad Complutense de Madrid, SpainTarkko Oksala Aalto University, FinlandMieczysław Owoc Wrocław University of Economics, PolandMarcin Paprzycki Systems Research Institute, Polish Academy of

Sciences, PolandIsidoros Perikos University of Patras, GreeceMarcin Pietranik Wrocław University of Science and Technology,

PolandElias Pimenidis University of the West of England, UKNikolaos Polatidis University of Brighton, UKPiotr Porwik University of Silesia, PolandAles Prochazka University of Chemistry and Technology, Czech

RepublicPaulo Quaresma Universidade de Evora, PortugalMohammad Rashedur Rahman North South University, BangladeshEwa Ratajczak-Ropel Gdynia Maritime University, PolandVirgilijus Sakalauskas Vilnius University, LithuaniaKhouloud Salameh University of Pau and Pays de l’Adour, FranceImad Saleh Université Paris 8, FranceAndrzej Sieminski Wrocław University of Science and Technology,

PolandPaweł Sitek Kielce University of Technology, PolandVladimír Sobeslav University of Hradec Kralove, Czech RepublicKlaus Söilen Halmstad University, SwedenStanimir Stoyanov University of Plovdiv “Paisii Hilendarski”, BulgariaLibuše Svobodová University of Hradec Kralove, Czech RepublicMartin Tabakov Wrocław University of Science and Technology,

PolandYasufumi Takama Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan

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Zbigniew Telec Wrocław University of Science and Technology,Poland

Trong Hieu Tran VNU-University of Engineering and Technology,Vietnam

Bogdan Trawinski Wrocław University of Science and Technology,Poland

Maria Trocan Institut Superieur d’Electronique de Paris, FranceKrzysztof Trojanowski Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw,

PolandChrisa Tsinaraki European Commission - Joint Research Center, ItalyUalsher Tukeyev Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, KazakhstanOlgierd Unold Wrocław University of Science and Technology,

PolandThi Luu Phuong Vo International University-VNUHCM, VietnamRoger M. Whitaker Cardiff University, UKIzabela Wierzbowska Gdynia Maritime University, PolandAdam Wojciechowski Łódz University of Technology, PolandKrystian Wojtkiewicz Wrocław University of Science and Technology,

PolandDrago Zagar University of Osijek, CroatiaDanuta Zakrzewska Łódz University of Technology, PolandConstantin-Bala Zamfirescu “Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu, RomaniaKaterina Zdravkova University St Cyril and Methodius, MacedoniaAleksander Zgrzywa Wrocław University of Science and Technology,

PolandHaoxi Zhang Chengdu University of Information Technology,

ChinaJianlei Zhang Nankai University, ChinaAdam Ziebinski Silesian University of Technology, Poland

Special Session Program Committees

CCINLP 2021: Special Session on Computational Collective Intelligenceand Natural Language Processing

Ismaïl Biskri Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, CanadaMounir Zrigui Université de Monastir, TunisiaAnca Pascu Université de Bretagne Occidentale, FranceÉric Poirier Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, CanadFatiha Sadat Université du Québec à Montréal, CanadaAdel Jebali Concordia University, CanadaEva Hajiova Charles University in Prague, Czech RepublicKhaled Shaalan British University, Dubai, United Arab EmiratesVladislav Kubon Charles University in Prague, Czech RepublicLouis Rompré Cascades, CanadaRim Faiz IHEC Carthage, TunisiaThang Le Dinh Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, CanadaUsef Faghihi Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, CanadaAmel Zouaq Polytechnique Montréal, Canada

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CSDMO 2021: Special Session on Cooperative Strategies for Decision Makingand Optimization

Dariusz Barbucha Gdynia Maritime University, PolandAmine Chohra Paris-East Créteil University, FranceIreneusz Czarnowski Gdynia Maritime University, PolandJoanna Jedrzejowicz Gdansk University, PolandPiotr Jedrzejowicz Gdynia Maritime University, PolandEdyta Kucharska AGH University of Science and Technology, PolandAntonio D. Masegosa University of Deusto, SpainJacek Mercik WSB University in Wrocław, PolandJavier Montero Complutense University of Madrid, SpainEwa Ratajczak-Ropel Gdynia Maritime University, PolandIza Wierzbowska Gdynia Maritime University, PolandMahdi Zargayouna IFSTTAR, France

IOTCTCI 2021: Special Session on Internet of Things and ComputationalTechnologies for Collective Intelligence

Octavian Postolache Instituto de Telecomunicações, ISCTE-IUL,Portugal

Vítor Viegas Portuguese Naval Academy, PortugalWolfram Hardt Chemnitz University of Technology, GermanyUyanga Sambuu National University of Mongolia, MongoliaYadmaa Narantsetseg Mongolian University of Science and Technology,

MongoliaMadina Mansurova Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, KazakhstanOlga Dolinina Yuri Gagarin State Technical University of Saratov,

RussiaVadim Zhmud Novosibirsk State Technical University, RussiaNadezhda Kunicina Riga Technical University, LatviaJelena Caiko Riga Technical University, LatviaMikhail Grif Novosibirsk State Technical University, RussiaBaurzhan Belgibayev Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, KazakhstanSholpan Jomartova Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, KazakhstanAssel Akzhalova Kazakh-British Technical University, KazakhstanAliya Nugumanova S. Amanzholov East Kazakhstan State University,

Kazakhstan

IWCIM 2021: International Workshop on Computational Intelligencefor Multimedia Understanding

Enis Cetin University of Illinois at Chicago, USAMichal Haindl Institute of Information Theory and Automation of

the CAS, Czech Republic

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Organization xvii

Andras L. Majdik MTA SZTAKI - Institute for Computer Science andControl, Hungarian Academy of Sciences,Hungary

Cristina Ribeiro University of Porto, Porto, PortugalEmanuele Salerno National Research Council of Italy (CNR), ItalyAles Prochazka University of Chemistry and Technology, Czech

RepublicAnna Tonazzini National Research Council of Italy (CNR), ItalyGabriele Pieri National Research Council of Italy (CNR), ItalyGerasimos Potamianos University of Thessaly, GreeceGorkem Saygili Tilburg University, The NetherlandsJosiane Zerubia Inria, FranceMaria Antonietta Pascali National Research Council of Italy (CNR), ItalyMarie-Colette van Lieshout CWI Amsterdam, NetherlandsMarco Reggiannini National Research Council of Italy (CNR), ItalyNahum Kiryati Tel Aviv University, IsraelRozenn Dahyot Trinity College Dublin, IrelandSara Colantonio National Research Council of Italy (CNR), ItalyMassimo Martinelli National Research Council of Italy (CNR), ItalyShohreh Ahvar Institut Supérieur d’Électronique de Paris, FranceTamás Szirányi MTA SZTAKI - Institute for Computer Science and

Control, Hungarian Academy of Sciences,Hungary

KISSTA 2021: Special Session on Knowledge-Intensive Smart Services and TheirApplications

William Menvielle Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, CanadaManh Chien Vu Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, CanadaDiarmuid O’Donoghue Maynooth University, IrelandMarkus Helfert Maynooth University, IrelandNhien-An Le-Khac University College Dublin, IrelandJoseph Timoney Maynooth University, IrelandThuong Cang Phan University of Cantho, VietnamThanh Lam Hoang IBM research, Dublin, IrelandThi My Hang Vu University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, VietnamNam Le Nguyen Hoai University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, VietnamNizar Bouguila Concordia University, CanadaJolita Ralyté University of Geneva, SwitzerlandTrung Bui Adobe Research, USAElaine Mosconi Université de Sherbrooke, CanadaAbdelaziz Khadraoui University of Geneva, Switzerland

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LRLP 2021: Special Session on Low Resource Languages Processing

Miguel A. Alonso Universidade da Coruna, SpainPablo Gamallo University of Santiago de Compostela, SpainNella Israilova Kyrgyz State Technical University, KyrgyzstanMarek Kubis Adam Mickiewicz University, PolandBelinda Maia University of Porto, PortugalMadina Mansurova Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, KazakhstanGayrat Matlatipov Urgench State University, UzbekistaMarek Miłosz Lublin University of Technology, PolandDiana Rakhimova Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, KazakhstanAltynbek Sharipbay L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University,

KazakhstanUalsher Tukeyev Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Kazakhstan

MLRWD 2021: Special Session on Machine Learning in Real-World Data

Rafał Skinderowicz University of Silesia, PolandGrzegorz Dziczkowski University of Economics in Katowice, PolandMarcin Grzegorzek University of Lübeck, GermanyIgnacy Kaliszewski Systems Research Institute, Polish Academy of

Sciences, PolandKrzysztof Kania University of Economics in Katowice, PolandJan Kozak University of Economics in Katowice, PolandPrzemysław Juszczuk University of Economics in Katowice, PolandJanusz Miroforidis Systems Research Institute, Polish Academy of

Sciences, PolandAgnieszka Nowak-Brzezinska University of Silesia, PolandDmitry Podkopaev Systems Research Institute, Polish Academy of

Sciences, PolandTomasz Jach University of Economics in Katowice, PolandTomasz Stas University of Economics in Katowice, PolandMagdalena Tkacz University of Silesia, PolandBarbara Probierz University of Economics in Katowice, PolandWojciech Wieczorek University of Bielsko-Biała, Poland

SIMS 2021: Special Session on Smart Industry and Management Systems

Adam Ziebinski Silesian University of Technology, PolandAnne-Lena Kampen Western Norway University of Applied Sciences,

NorwayArtur Rot Wrocław University of Economics and Business,

PolandBogdan Franczyk University of Leipzig, GermanyDamian Grzechca Silesian University of Technology, PolandDariusz Frejlichowski West Pomeranian University of Technology, Poland

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Organization xix

Dariusz Mrozek Silesian University of Technology, PolandHelena Dudycz Wrocław University of Economics and Business,

PolandJarosław Watróbski University of Szczecin, PolandJerry Chun-Wei Lin Western Norway University of Applied Sciences,

NorwayKnut Øvsthus Western Norway University of Applied Sciences,

NorwayMarcin Fojcik Western Norway University of Applied Sciences,

NorwayMarcin Hernes Wrocław University of Economics and Business,

PolandMieczysław Owoc Wrocław University of Economics and Business,

PolandMykola Dyvak Ternopil National Economic University, UkrainePaweł Weichbroth Gdansk University of Technology, PolandPiotr Gaj Silesian University of Technology, PolandRafał Cupek Silesian University of Technology, PolandKrzysztof Hauke Wrocław University of Economics and Business,

PolandŁukasz Łysik Wrocław University of Economics and Business,

PolandPiotr Tutak Wrocław University of Economics and Business,

PolandMaciej Huk Wrocław University of Science and Technology,

PolandPiotr Biernacki Silesian University of Technology, PolandEwa Walaszczyk Wrocław University of Economics and Business,

PolandKrzysztof Lutosławski Wrocław University of Economics and Business,

PolandKrzysztof Tokarz Silesian University of Technology, Poland

SUAV 2021: Special Session on Swarms of UAVs

Pierre Avanzini Squadrone System, FrancePascal Bouvry University of Luxembourg, LuxembourgSerge Chaumette University of Bordeaux, FranceGrégoire Danoy University of Luxembourg, LuxembourgSimon G. Fabri University of Malta, MaltaIsabelle Fantoni CNRS, Nantes, FrancePaola Flocchini University of Ottawa, CanadaAntonio Franchi University of Twente, The NetherlandsFrançois Guérin Normandy University, FranceFrédéric V. G. Guinand Normandy University, FranceChouaib El Houssein Harik NIBIO, Norway

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Samira Hayat University of Klagenfurt, AustriaSanaz Mostaghim Otto-von-Guericke University, GermanyGiuseppe Prencipe University of Pisa, Italy

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Contents

Knowledge Engineering and Semantic Web

Negative Sampling for Knowledge Graph Completion Based on GenerativeAdversarial Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Thanh Le, Trinh Pham, and Bac Le

Learning Embedding for Knowledge Graph Completionwith Hypernetwork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Thanh Le, Duy Nguyen, and Bac Le

RotatHS: Rotation Embedding on the Hyperplane with Soft Constraintsfor Link Prediction on Knowledge Graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Thanh Le, Ngoc Huynh, and Bac Le

Assessing Ontology Alignments on the Level of Instances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42Bogumiła Hnatkowska, Adrianna Kozierkiewicz, Marcin Pietranik,and Hai Bang Truong

Describing Semantics of Data Metamodels: A Case Studyof Association-Oriented Metamodel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Marcin Jodłowiec and Marek Krótkiewicz

A Knowledge Graph Embedding Based Approach for Learning PathRecommendation for Career Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

Thu Tran Minh Nguyen and Thinh Pham Quoc Tran

Social Networks and Recommender Systems

Collective Consciousness Supported by the Web: Healthy or Toxic? . . . . . . . . . . 81Shima Beigi and Francis Heylighen

Equilibrium Analysis for Within-Network Dynamics: From Linearto Nonlinear Aggregation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

Jan Treur

The Effect of Emergent Team Roles on Team Performance:A Computational Network Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

Shairoz A. Evegroen, Yagel Schoonderbeek, and Jan Treur

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A Second-Order Adaptive Network Model for Shared Mental Modelsin Hospital Teamwork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

Laila van Ments, Jan Treur, Jan Klein, and Peter Roelofsma

Modeling an Epidemic - Multiagent Approach Based on an Extended SIRModel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

Mihailo Ilic and Mirjana Ivanovic

News Recommendations by Combining Intra-session with Inter-sessionand Content-Based Probabilistic Modelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

Panagiotis Symeonidis, Dmitry Chaltsev, Markus Zanker,and Yannis Manolopoulos

Deep Matrix Factorization for Learning Resources Recommendation . . . . . . . . . 167Tran Thanh Dien, Nguyen Thanh-Hai, and Nguyen Thai Nghe

Impact of the Stroop Effect on Cognitive Load Using Subjectiveand Psychophysiological Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

Patient Zihisire Muke, Mateusz Piwowarczyk, Zbigniew Telec,Bogdan Trawinski, Putri Ayu Maharani, and Patryk Bresso

Collective Decision-Making

Toward a Computing Model Dealing with Complex Phenomena:Interactive Granular Computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199

Soma Dutta and Andrzej Skowron

Coordination and Cooperation in Robot Soccer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215Vincenzo Suriani, Emanuele Antonioni, Francesco Riccio,and Daniele Nardi

Improving Pheromone Communication for UAV Swarm MobilityManagement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228

Daniel H. Stolfi, Matthias R. Brust, Grégoire Danoy, and Pascal Bouvry

UAV-UGV Multi-robot System for Warehouse Inventory: SchedulingIssues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

Frédéric Guinand, François Guérin, and Etienne Petitprez

An Effective Correlation-Based Pair Trading Strategy Using GeneticAlgorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255

Chun-Hao Chen, Wei-Hsun Lai, and Tzung-Pei Hong

Exploration Strategies for Model Checking with Ant Colony Optimization . . . . . 264Tsutomu Kumazawa, Munehiro Takimoto, and Yasushi Kambayashi

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Periodic Distributed Delivery Routes Planning Subject to Uncertaintyof Travel Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277

Katarzyna Rudnik, Grzegorz Bocewicz, Czesław Smutnicki,Jarosław Pempera, and Zbigniew Banaszczak

Decision Support Model for the Configuration of MultidimensionalResources in Multi-project Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290

Jarosław Wikarek, Paweł Sitek, and Zbigniew Banaszak

New Extensions of Reproduction Operators In solving LABS ProblemUsing EMAS Meta-Heuristic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304

Sylwia Biełaszek, Kamil Pietak, and Marek Kisiel-Dorohinicki

Adam Smith’s Invisible Hand as a New, Powerful and Robust ControlParadigm for Collective AI Robotics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317

Tadeusz Szuba and Michał Drozdz

Polynomial Algorithms for Synthesizing Specific Classes of OptimalBlock-Structured Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330

Costin Badica and Alexandru Popa

Cooperative Strategies for Decision Making and Optimization

A Population-Based Framework for Solving the Job Shop SchedulingProblem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347

Piotr Jedrzejowicz, Ewa Ratajczak-Ropel, and Izabela Wierzbowska

Imbalanced Data Mining Using Oversampling and Cellular GEP Ensemble . . . . 360Joanna Jedrzejowicz and Piotr Jedrzejowicz

Learning from Imbalanced Data Using Over-Sampling and the FireflyAlgorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373

Ireneusz Czarnowski

Adaptive Goal Function of Ant Colony Optimization in Fake NewsDetection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387

Barbara Probierz, Jan Kozak, Piotr Stefanski, and Przemysław Juszczuk

Data Mining and Machine Learning

Feature (Gene) Clustering with Collinearity Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403Leon Bobrowski and Paweł Zabielski

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A Reinforcement Learning Framework for Multi-source AdaptiveStreaming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416

Nghia T. Nguyen, Phuong L. Vo, Thi Thanh Sang Nguyen, Quan M. Le,Cuong T. Do, and Ngoc-Thanh Nguyen

Hybrid Computational Intelligence Modeling of Coseismic Landslides’Severity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427

Anastasios Panagiotis Psathas, Antonios Papaleonidas,George Papathanassiou, Lazaros Iliadis, and Sotirios Valkaniotis

Developing a Prescription Recognition System Based on CRAFTand Tesseract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443

Trong-Triet Nguyen, Dat-Vu Vuong Nguyen, and Thanh Le

Concept of Parkinson Leading to Understanding Mechanisms of the Disease . . . 456Andrzej W. Przybyszewski, Jerzy P. Nowacki, Aldona Drabik,Stanisław Szlufik, and Dariusz M. Koziorowski

Cross-Level High-Utility Itemset Mining Using Multi-core Processing . . . . . . . . 467N. T. Tung, Loan T. T. Nguyen, Trinh D. D. Nguyen,and Adrianna Kozierkiewicz

Decision Combination in Classifier Committee Built on Deep EmbeddingFeatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480

Jacek Trelinski and Bogdan Kwolek

Deep Learning with Optimization Techniques for the Classificationof Spoken English Digit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494

Jane Oruh and Serestina Viriri

An Implementation of Formal Framework for Collective Systems in AirPollution Prediction System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508

Rafał Palak, Krystian Wojtkiewicz, and Mercedes G. Merayo

Computer Vision Techniques

Ensembles of Deep Convolutional Neural Networks for DetectingMelanoma in Dermoscopy Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523

Melina Tziomaka and Ilias Maglogiannis

Deep Learning Models for Architectural Façade Detection in SphericalImages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536

Marcin Kutrzynski, Bartosz Zak, Zbigniew Telec, and Bogdan Trawinski

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Ensemble of Convolution Neural Networks for Automatic TuberculosisClassification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549

Mustapha Oloko-Oba and Serestina Viriri

An Improved Forecasting Model from Satellite Imagery Basedon Optimum Wavelet Bases and Adam Optimized LSTM Methods . . . . . . . . . . . 560

Manel Rhif, Ali Ben Abbes, Beatriz Martinez, and Imed Riadh Farah

Fast Imaging Sensor Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572Jarosław Bernacki and Rafał Scherer

Semantic Segmentation of Small Region of Interest for AgriculturalResearch Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585

Dan Popescu, Loretta Ichim, and Octavian Andrei Sava

Severity Assessment of Facial Acne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599Anh Nguyen, Huong Thai, and Thanh Le

Processing and Visualizing the 3D Models in Digital Heritage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613Minh Khai Tran, Sinh Van Nguyen, Nghia Tuan To, and Marcin Maleszka

Natural Language Processing

Morphology Model and Segmentation for Old Turkic Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629Dinara Zhanabergenova and Ualsher Tukeyev

Universal Programs for Stemming, Segmentation, Morphological Analysisof Turkic Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643

Ualsher Tukeyev, Aidana Karibayeva, Aliya Turganbayeva,and Dina Amirova

Establishing the Informational Requirements for Modelling Open DomainDialogue and Prototyping a Retrieval Open Domain Dialogue System . . . . . . . . . 655

Trent Meier and Elias Pimenidis

Estimating Semantics Distance of Texts Based on Used Terms Analysis . . . . . . . 668Krystian Wojtkiewicz and Michał Kawa

Internet of Things: Technologies and Applications

AI Threat Detection and Response on Smart Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 685Konstantinos Dermetzis and Lazaros Iliadis

A Resource-Aware Method for Parallel D2D Data Streaming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 696Stanisław Saganowski and Przemysław Kazienko

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Impact of Radio Map on the Performance of Fingerprinting Algorithms . . . . . . . 708Juraj Machaj, Peter Brida, and Ivana Bridova

The Adaptive Calibration Method for Single-Beam Distance Sensors . . . . . . . . . 721Piotr Biernacki, Adam Ziebinski, and Damian Grzechca

Internet of Things and Computational Technologies for CollectiveIntelligence

Application of Traditional Machine Learning Models to Detect AbnormalTraffic in the Internet of Things Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735

Evgeniya Istratova, Mikhail Grif, and Dmitry Dostovalov

Algorithmic Approach to Building a Route for the Removal of HouseholdWaste with Associated Additional Loads in the “Smart Clean City” Project . . . . 745

Olga Dolinina, Vitaly Pechenkin, Madina Mansurova, Dana Tolek,and Serik Ixsanov

Autonomic Nervous System Assessment Based on HRV Analysis DuringVirtual Reality Serious Games . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 756

Mariana Jacob Rodrigues, Octavian Postolache, and Francisco Cercas

Computational Intelligence for Multimedia Understanding

Anomaly Detection on ADS-B Flight Data Using Machine LearningTechniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 771

Osman Tasdelen, Levent Çarkacioglu, and Behçet Ugur Töreyin

Detection of Monolayer Graphene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 784Sankari Balasubramaniyan, François Parmentier, Preden Roulleau,Mathieu Thevenin, Alexis Brenes, and Maria Trocan

Scale Input Adapted Attention for Image Denoising Using a DenselyConnected U-Net: SADE-Net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 792

Vedat Acar and Ender M. Eksioglu

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 803