7/23/2019 Lecture Notes - Darwian Thought

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Darwinian ThoughtContinued from Thursday, 18th September 2014

Still had essentialism

As urope was !oloni"ing and e#ploring, wealthy naturalists, started to obser$e things and

!atalogued di$ersity%

Georges-Louis LECLERC

•  There are !ertain types of animals that are e#tremely similar to ea!h other

• &ut they were all slightly di'erent a!!ording to their lo!ation

• Di'erent si"es, prey, lo!ations, !olour

• (t didn)t ma*e sense

♦ +hy didn)t you ust ma*e the perfe!t !at and pla!e it down at these di'erent

pla!es-

♦ +hy the $ariations-

♦  Tried to e#plain the di'eren!es with respe!t to the S!ala .aturae

♦ Said that all animals were pla!ed in one pla!e then they mo$ed around

♦ (n !onsuming the foods, the abioti! world a'e!ted the essen!e of the animal

♦  The essen!e morphed and !hanged

♦ Said for the /rst time that e$erything has !hanged and not the same

♦ ounder of &(3A56%

Erasmus DARWIN

• As he is translating he ma*es obser$ations on 7innaeus)s !atalogue

• Doesn)t belie$e the Chur!h)s story of the S!ala .aturae

• &ut didn)t want to get in trouble with them

• 5en!e didn)t publish a s!ienti/! arti!le

• (nstead made a poem

♦ Said that life !ame from the sea♦  Then animals !ame to land

♦  There /ns morphed into limbs

♦  Things on the planet ha$e had a gradual !hange%

C5A77.(. T5AT 36T5(. (S .T T5 SA9 AS (T +AS +5. 7( &A.%

Georges CUVIER

  Digging up fossils

   Thought to be monsters of the past

  Started to arrange the fossils

  Saw a similarity between these and the present day animals  AT53 C9A3AT( &(76

  (f e$erything that put on the planet perfe!t, then why did some of them die-

   Theori"ed that there was a !atastrophe that !aused e#tin!tion

  #plained that these were that did not ma*e it to .oah)s Ar*

93 (D.C T5AT T53 (S C5A.%

Charles LYELL

  FATHER OF GEOLOGY 

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  As he obser$ed the sediments that ha$e fossili"ed in the arth he saw that you see

di'erent !ompositions in di'erent pla!es

  Creates Stratigraphy

   The organisms in similar layers are same

   The organisms in di'erent layers are di'erent

   There are no organisms in some layers

   Therefore at one point in time there were no organisms on arth

  :new that these sediments are laid $ery slowly

  5en!e the arth is millions and millions of years

  5en!e what seems li*e a ;ui!* e#tin!tion <C=(3> too* in fa!t o$er millions of

years

  roposed the idea of =.(39ATA3(A.(S9%

ROCK CYCLE

  2 types

  9olten ro!* from the planet

  rom sedimentation in water

  +e *now now Continental Drift <be!ause of 9agma>%

CARON CYCLE

•  The interfa!e of the air and water e#!hange of C2

•  This C2 pro$ides for food web

• +hen C2 dissol$es in water

♦ Carboni! a!id is formed

♦ orms CaC?

(nsoluble

re!ipitating in the bottom

5appens o$er millions of years

Says that this !annot happen o$er @000 years

♦  This rea!tion goes nuts when !ontinents rise from the o!eans 3ain erodes !ontinents

lood the minerals into o!eans

3ea!tion pulls all C2 from the atmosphere

• +e lose the warm greenhouse gas blan*et

• A3T5 3S%

CONTINENTAL DRIFT

  Alfred egner

  (ntrigued how similar plantBanimals in Afri!a and South Ameri!a

  South Ameri!a and Afri!a are li*e igsaw pie!es

  ormed angaea

9onday, 22nd September 2014%

 !ea"-a#$is$e Lamar%& 

• inheritan!e of a!;uired traits <!hanges spe!ies>

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• !oined transmutation of spe!ies synonym for !hangeE

• en$ironmental fa!tors that !hange the appearan!e of the

organism are passed on from 1 generation to the ne#t

• e#plained the gira'e as that the gira'e)s ne!* was elongated

o$er its lifetime and this elongated ne!* was then passed onto

future generations

• e$ery organism starts o' as an infusarium <singleF!elled

organism>

• and this infusarium o$er time in!reases in !omple#ity and theen$ironment inGuen!es this !omple#ity

• Doesn)t *now that in animals early on in the de$elopmental stage

germ !ells are set aside from somati! !ells%

•  The germ !ells <sperm egg> are the !ells that ha$e the heritable traits that are passed

from 1 generation to the ne#t, so e$en if you ha$e a uni;ue somati! !ondition <mutation,

et!%> it would be uni;ue to those somati! !ells and di'erent from the germ !ells be!ause

they are separated early on during the embryoni! stage

• ST(77 &7(S (. SS.C%

TRAN'(UTATION o) E''ENCE

  Dramati! !hanges in the essen!e and not slowly  All of a sudden /sh ga$e birth to 5ippo be!ause of transmutation in essen!e%

TRAN'FOR(ATION*

FINALI'(

Some *ind of programming in the essen!e

Changes itself into more !omple# animals

Do not need en$ironmental fa!tors%

ENVIRON(ENTAL

   This is 7amar!*)s

 

n$ironmental fa!tors !hange the essen!e%WALLACE

• +alla!e was tra$elling in (ndonesia

• bser$ing di$ersity

• Came up with the idea of natural sele!tion

• (f a trait is heritable and !an pass from generation to generation and the trait fa$ours

reprodu!tion then that trait will be pre$alent in the ne#t generation

• +alla!e *nows that Darwin is wor*ing on it so sends him a manus!ript

• Darwin hasn)t published yet <doesn)t want to piss o' the !hur!h and wants as mu!h

e$iden!e as he !an>

•  The manus!ript is sent to the 3oyal So!iety in 7ondon and is seen by 7yle who *nowsDarwin

• 7yle !alls a symposium where both are identi/ed as the founders natural sele!tion

• orgotten in history be!ause he didn)t ha$e a lot of data%

CHARLE' DARWIN

• rom a wealthy family

• 59S &eagle ship with !ommer!ial business in the world for H years

• 7yle suggests to Darwin to go around the world and obser$e biology and di$ersity and

!olle!t as many samples as he !an

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• 9arried mma +edgewood whose family was also ri!h <made !hinaware>

• Spent his days loo*ing for patterns and obser$ing

• (ntelle!tual and has resour!es and freedom

• Common an!estry with bran!hing pattern

• rigin of Spe!ies was a !omprehensi$eBhistori!al narrati$e that is a!!epted by the

physi!al s!ien!es%

Dar+i",s Theories . Di/",$ &"o+ $he u"/erl0i"g %ause o) $his a"/ /i/",$ sa0

a"0$hi"g a1ou$ e2olu$io" or 3$$es$4

56 No %o"s$a"%0 o) s#e%ies*Fossils . Cu$ier)s fossils

• (n Amber .eed trees will sap that will fossili"e

• ermafrost Animals were fro"en and D.A !an be re!o$ered

• 3o!* Animals ha$e been minerali"ed

• A rare o!!urren!e &B! there is a de!omposition !y!le

• ossils result from a brea* in this !y!le and are found in ro!* bed

•  They didn)t *now about !ontinental drift hen!e no longer hitForFmiss <be!ause

the ro!* bed where the fossils were found mo$ed around in the !ontinents>

• .ow you !an /nd fossils with some predi!tability

• $olution of 5orse T3A.S(T(. 39

• Climate !hange !auses forests to gi$e rise to grasslands

Animal roams into these and was able to use it as a food sour!e

A lengthening of the limb

9ore eI!ient running

Causes the fusion of the bones !ausing the rise of hoof 

(mpro$ement of the molar to generate more eI!ient grinding of

!ellulose bB! nutrients are lo!*ed inside !ellulose

• A3C5T36J 5ad feathers and had a tail

.o bea* but had reptile li*e teeth

5en!e feathers were !ommon in reptiles

&irds are ust highly spe!iali"ed reptiles

• =(K(7A

 Transition orm

rigin of Seal

redator animals from land going into water

E7$i"%$io" .

• Cu$ier)s e#tin!tion

• Darwin

•  They disappeared bB! they weren)t the /ttest organisms

• So that morphology that appeared has disappeared

Tra"si$io"al Forms

   The missing lin* between 2 related types of fossils

86 Commo" A"%es$r0*

  Homolog0  Common morphology of the limb

 This !ommon stru!ture had been used for $ariety of things and hen!e

and !hanged Another way to identify !ommon an!estor%

  Com#ara$i2e em1r0olog0

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  5e!*el said that you !an see all e$ery single embryologi!al se;uen!e repeats

<.T T3=>

♦  The "ygote of an animal when it has 4 !ells the ne#t !ell di$ision is always

though the e;uator of the !ells

♦ nly 2 ways you !an sta!* 4 !ells

round bottoms aligned with round tops

twist the round bottom bBw the groo$es

.ow there are 2 types of animals

•  The twisted one, one of the !ells will form the mesoderm,• in the other group !ells re;uire !onta!t between them

.ow you !an predi!t the de$elopmental !ontrol system of the whole

organism%

Ves$igial '$ru%$ure

♦ oose bumps right <the hairs that stand ma*es them loo* bigger> or !hill

<to !reate an air gap between the under hair that helps insulates us>

♦ .i!tating membrane or swimming underwater for prote!tion from debris

and !hanged the opti! property of the eye F allowed the !orre!tion of the

lens light has di'erent opti! property in water

♦ Appendi# .T ST((A7 ba!teria F high le$el of $as!ulari"ation stimulus

of immune system for !reating +&C for dealing with in$ading pathogens%  (ole%ule

♦ Cyto!hrome C

TC in mito!hondria

• in the beginning of eu*aryoti! !ells

• :rebs)s !y!le

• same en"ymes found in all organisms <fungi, plants>

• mito!hondria arose and all eu*aryoti! !ells

• ha$e that !ommon an!estor

• Can loo* at the amino a!id build up and see !hanges and the

organisms%

♦ D.A

able to put together e$olutionary tree

7=CA

Darwinian bran!hing pattern for e$ery organism%

Gra/ual Cha"ges

(ul$i#li%a$io" o) s#e%ies

Na$ural sele%$io"

TY9E' OF TA:ONO(IE'

   The ta#onomi! tree should reGe!t the e$olutionary history