Lecture Notes

By Sophie Black

The Burnt remains of the Manuscript

• In the 18th Century, the manuscript of Beowulf got burned in a fire. Luckily, it was saved but the burns on the edge of some of the pages show the scarring from the flames.

Roman Languages

• Portuguese• Spanish• Italian • French• Spanish• Romanian

Indo European Languages

Germanic Languages

Germanic Languages

North Germanic

East Germanic

West Germanic

North Germanic Languages

• Icelandic-same as Old Norse• Færoese• Danish• Norwegian

North Germany

West Germanic Languages• German• Swedish• Yiddish• Flemish• Dutch• Afrikaans• Frisian• English

Western Germany

East Germanic Languages

• All East Germanic Languages were wiped out. People used to speak Gothic, but that language is no longer spoken.

Celtic Languages

• Irish• Welsh• Scottish• Brenten

The Angles, Saxons and Jutes

• In 300 A.D to 400 A.D. There was an invasion. Three tribes from North Germany called the Angles, Saxons and The Jutes. They formed a language called Anglaic, named after the Angled, which later was modified into English.

Foothorth

• Foothorth was originally a written language used for engraving names given to swords into the sword. It was written with no curving lines, so it was easier to engrave.

What Happened to English After Old English

• There were some smaller invasions from the north• Vikings, who spoke Old Norse, simplified English

grammar.• IN 1066, Normans invaded from France, Led by Will

the conqueror, and took over All of England. Slowly people stopped writing English, because only the poor people spoke it, which led to the language rapidly changing.

• It took 100 years for Old English to change to Modern English

Epic Poems

• Pets used Kenning-Poetic ways of saying simple things

Example-Whale road=Sea

• Alliteration helped bards to remember poems; rhyming came later.