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Before DarwinMonday, 15th September 2014

Physicalists – Physical Science

• Mathematics, chemistry, physics

•  There is a simple explanation sin! chemistry when we !et close eno!h to or better

nderstand life• Dedcti"e reasonin!

o #yramid

o $f 1 example dispro"in! the rle wold case the rle to thrown away

• lol

Vitalists (Same as Aristotle) – Natural Science

   They too belie"ed that at its core, biolo!y cold be described sin! maths, physics and

chemistry

 

Bt there is somethin! else, some "ital force, some %SS%&'% that !i"es li"in! thin!s life

 

$ndcti"e reasonin!

o $n"erted #yramido $f the rle holds for most then the rle is !ood becase yo can extrapolate on yor

obser"ations  'an accept both theories to!ether

 

%x ( )ira*e

  +ol

Organicists

• +ife is the expresssion of the !enetic pro!ram extremely com

o -esponsible for "ariability, dri"es the mechanism

• %M%-)%&'% a beha"ior that is brin!s abot an otcome that is more than the sm of the

partso  They beha"e di*erently as a !rop then the do to!ether

&a on its own is .ammable

'l is poisonos !as

 To!ther they are T/T++ safe

ence they beha"e di*erently to!ether

o Swarm Beha"ior

 The birds in swarm

3se it to calclate the poplation

 To nd a place for roostin!food, etc6

 Two #arts to scientic explanation

• pattern in the data

• Mechanism to explain the data

)ira*e

• )ira*es eat food at sholder hei!ht and not at the top of the tree

• $f the !ira*e don7t stretch their nec8s to feed then the food competition theory is

dispro"en

•  The head is sed li8e a .ail

o  The head is sed as weapon

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• 9hen there is male combat, there is death of the wea8er !ira*e

• ence there is Sexal 'ompetition

• 9hen there is dro!ht

o )ira*e7s feed o* the top of the tree

o ence there is :ood 'ompetion

• Both explanations are correcto ence both are sed to explain the lon! !ira*e nec8s

Theory

• $s the stron!est most in"esti!ated way that can be sed to describe science

• bc indcti"e reasonin! is sed, there is a potential left to lea"e it open and if an exception

mi!ht occr ;bc we extrapolate<

• )eneral pblic ses physical sciences lo!ic ;+aws and :acts<

• 9as rst a hypothesis

• ypothesis was then tested and more proof was added

•  Then it becomes a theory

• ypothesis is not a !ess

o 'omes from literatre e"iew, protocols and desi!n and extensi"e obeser"ation

• Darwin7s Theory is not a law becase it is not ni"ersal

o /nly applies to %arth ;as far as we 8now<

• 9ater the conditions to dissol"e the bac8 bildin! bloc8s to de"ise life

o  Then biolo!ical princible becomes law

• Mendel7s +9S are the only biolo!ical science eld that has laws

o bc it was the mathematics of paired strctres alleles

o bc of 50= chance of allees

o nd the mathematics associated with paired allees

Prediction

 

&ot a chronolo!ical statement

 

$t7s lo!ical statement  $s li8e a baby(hypothesis

o fter enco"erin! e"idence it becomes into a hypothesis

Sampling Error

 

'annot !et the exact "ale

o bc of precicsion error, cannot !et exact "ale, etc

  $f yo ta8e a > of measrements

o yo will !et a normal distribtion of the measrements

 

 o can ndersample or o"ersample

  $f yo ha"e a samplin! error of ?= then the "ales 4@ and 51 are the same

Peer Revie

• Blind peer re"iew where the re"iewer re"iews the paper withot 8nowin! the athor of the

paper

Primary !iterature

•  The scientist has done somethin!

• as been peer re"iewed

• nd is pblished in a Aornal

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Secondary !iterature

• n expert in the eld who has re"iewed a topic

• &ot done all the research themsel"es bt ha"e colle!es in the eld

• as some scientic ri!or

Tertiary !iterature

• $nformation is not referenced to primary

• &ot an expert in the eld• &o scientic ri!or

 Thrsday, 1th September 2014

Peppered "oth (early #$%%s)

•  The chan!e in allele freCency within a poplation were a*ected, creatin! an

ad"anta!eos circmstance

• &atral Selection is based on the chan!e in allelic freCency within a poplation

• &atral Selection cases chan!es in allele freCencies in th en"ironment

• 9hite bein! predominant to blac8 Somethin! that is selectin! this to happen

• 9hy did this moth chan!e• Darwinian :itness

o ow many yon! yo can prodce in the next !eneration

o trait that mo"es to the next !eneration

•  Trees stained from dirt and stac8s ;$ndstrial Melanism and -e"oltion<

•  Tree color has chan!ed o"er time re!ardless of indstrial -e"oltionMelanism

• &ll ypothesis The opposite of yor hypothesis

•  The moths that were sed 9hite ones disappeared &ot ma8e it to adlthood &ot able

to pass their traitso &ot that they mi!rate case the blac8 ones wold mi!rate too

o ence wold a*ect both poplations

•  The more blac8 ones• ence are more EDarwinianly :itF

• 'ompared the dar8 bar8 by seein! where there where indstries and dar8enin! of the

trees

•  Thin8in! abot chan!in! !ene freCency and natral selection T/)%T%-

• '-$T$G3%S

o Moths were placed on bar8s and not on branches where they actally li"e

/nly the white ones were a*ected and not blac8

o  The correlation between insdrstrial re"oltion and the dar8enin! of the trees does

not represent caseo #S$'+ S'$%&'%S T$&H$&)

• Moths settle on similar bac8!ronds to escape from predation•  The !reen mo"ement cases the trees to become npollted

o $t shifted bac8

o #oplation freCencies chan!ed

o Birds still actin! as natral selection