LECTURE GUIDE to accompany ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY/2edisorders Trauma- and stressor-related disorders...
Transcript of LECTURE GUIDE to accompany ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY/2edisorders Trauma- and stressor-related disorders...
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ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY/2e
Brian L. Burke Fort Lewis College
Sarah E. Trost
Cardinal Stritch University
Terri A. deRoon-Cassini Medical College of Wisconsin
Douglas A. Bernstein
University of South Florida
LECTURE GUIDE to accompany
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Chapter 1 Identifying, Detecting, and Classifying
Mental Disorders: M.A.P.S. of the Territory
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Mental disorders have been defined as: Deviations from social expectations Conditions that mental health professionals treat Labels for disliked actions Subjective distress or unhappiness Dysfunctions that cause harm
Identifying Mental Disorders: What Are They?
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The DSM-5 Definition Cultural context Distress/disability Individual dysfunction of psychological, biological or
developmental processes ◦ Cognition ◦ Emotion regulation ◦ Behavior
Identifying Mental Disorders: What Are They?
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1. How have mental disorders been defined
throughout history? 2. How does the DSM-5 define mental disorders?
Section Review: Identifying Mental Disorders
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Three Steps 1. Gather information 2. Organize and process information to form a clinical
description 3. Compare description using a nosology to arrive at a
diagnosis
Assessment and Diagnosis
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Reliability and Validity Reliability ◦ Test-retest reliability ◦ Internal consistency ◦ Interrater reliability
Validity ◦ Content validity ◦ Predictive validity ◦ Concurrent validity ◦ Construct validity
Assessment and Diagnosis
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Correct Diagnosis vs. Diagnostic Errors True positive ◦ Sensitivity
True negative ◦ Specificity
False positive False negative
Assessment and Diagnosis
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1. What are the three major steps in assessment and diagnosis?
2. What kinds of reliability and validity are especially important when using assessment tools?
3. What are the two kinds of correct diagnostic conclusions?
4. What are the two kinds of diagnostic errors?
Section Review: Assessment and Diagnosis
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1. Life Records E.g., school grades, court records, police reports,
medical records 2. Interviews Structured interview ◦ Mental Status Examination (MSE) ◦ Social history
Assessment Tools: How Do Health Professionals Detect Mental Disorders?
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1. Life Records 2. Interviews 3. Psychological Tests Intelligence tests Neuropsychological tests Personality tests
Assessment Tools: How Do Health Professionals Detect Mental Disorders?
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1. Life Records 2. Interviews 3. Psychological Tests 4. Observations 5. Biological Measures Neurodiagnostic procedures
Assessment Tools: How Do Health Professionals Detect Mental Disorders?
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Table 1.4 Some Neurodiagnostic Procedures (p. 19)
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Figure 1.5 Mapping the Geography of the Brain (p. 20)
(a) CT scan (b) MRI
Sources: (a) Santibhavanak P/Shutterstock.com. (b) Triff/Shutterstock.com.
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Figure 1.5 Mapping the Geography of the Brain (p. 20)
(c) PET scan (d) fMRI
Sources: (c) Jens Maus (Langner) (http://www.jens-langner.de) (d) John Graner, Neuroimaging Department, National Intrepid Center of Excellence, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, 8901 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20889, USA. .
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1. What are the five main sources of assessment data? 2. What are the unique strengths of each of these
sources?
Section Review: Assessment Tools
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History of the DSM DSM-I: 1952 DSM-II: 1968 DSM-III: 1980; DSM-III-R: 1987 DSM-IV: 1994; DSM-IV-TR: 2000 DSM-5: 2013
Diagnostic Classification: How Do Health Professionals Categorize Mental Disorders?
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Diagnosis involves: Specific operational criteria for each disorder A polythetic approach Assessment of ◦ Medical conditions ◦ Exposure to stressors ◦ Overall functioning ◦ Comorbidity with other mental disorders
Diagnostic Classification: How Do Health Professionals Categorize Mental Disorders?
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Diagnostic Classification: How Do Health Professionals Categorize Mental Disorders?
DSM-5 Diagnostic Categories Neurodevelopmental disorders Elimination disorders Disruptive, impulse-control, and
conduct disorders Schizophrenia spectrum and other
psychotic disorders Bipolar and related disorders Depressive disorders Anxiety disorders Obsessive-compulsive and related
disorders Trauma- and stressor-related
disorders
Dissociative disorders Somatic symptom and related
disorders Feeding and eating disorders Sleep-wake disorders Sexual dysfunctions Gender dysphoria Substance-related and addictive
disorders Neurocognitive disorders Personality disorders Paraphilic disorders Other mental disorders
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Other Factors that Influence Diagnosis Money and privacy Diversity and assessment bias Diversity and the expression of mental disorders Diversity and interactions between clients and
clinicians
Diagnostic Classification: How Do Health Professionals Categorize Mental Disorders?
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1. What does it mean to say that the DSM has a polythetic approach to diagnosis?
2. What DSM-5 diagnostic categories are you most interested in learning about?
3. What other factors, especially those related to diversity, affect the diagnosis of mental disorders?
Section Review: Diagnostic Classification
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Key Terms Prevalence vs. incidence
The Frequency of Mental Disorders: How Common Are They?
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Notable Facts About one in four adults in the United States
experience a diagnosable mental disorder in a given year.
Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders is often related to demographic or social variables.
Many people with a history of mental disorders are considered “in remission.”
Many people do not receive treatment for mental disorders.
The Frequency of Mental Disorders: How Common Are They?
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Notable Facts (continued)
Comorbidity is common. The average age of noticing the first symptoms of a
mental disorder is 16. The prevalence of mental disorders varies
considerably worldwide. Personality disorders and alcohol use disorders are
the most common disorders worldwide. Having a mental disorder in the developing world
can be especially difficult.
The Frequency of Mental Disorders: How Common Are They?
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M = Medical Myths A = Attempted Answers P = Prejudicial Pigeonholing S = Superficial Syndromes
Our Textbook’s Four Guiding Principles: M.A.P.S.
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M = Medical Myths ◦ Medications are not always the best treatment for most of
the disorders in the DSM ◦ The biological/medical model is only one narrow lens through
which we view disorders The medical model stresses the individual above the sociocultural
context
A = Attempted Answers ◦ Symptoms of disorders often arise as the person’s attempted
solution to a problem E.g., delusions may create meaning, compulsive behaviors may
reduce anxiety, rituals may manage discomfort
Our Textbook’s Four Guiding Principles: M.A.P.S.
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P = Prejudicial Pigeonholing ◦ Labeling produces stereotypes, prejudice, and harm ◦ Gender bias in the DSM
S = Superficial Syndromes ◦ We should aim to understand what causes disorders and how
best to treat them, and not just focus on how to spot disorders based on surface characteristics ◦ Mental disorders occur on a continuum, not in discrete
categories ◦ A focus on symptoms facilitates reliable diagnoses, but not
necessary valid diagnoses.
Our Textbook’s Four Guiding Principles: M.A.P.S.
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1. What are mental disorders? 2. How do health professionals detect mental disorders? 3. How do health professionals categorize mental
disorders? 4. How common are mental disorders in the United
States and worldwide? 5. What are four guiding principles to keep in mind
when studying abnormal psychology?
Key Questions
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Ch. 1 Tables and Figures
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Table 1.1 Structured Interviews Frequently Used to Assess Clinical Conditions
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Table 1.2
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Table 1.3 MMPI-2-RF Scales and Simulated Norms
Source: Ben-Porath & Tellegen, 2008/2011.
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Table 1.3 (cont.)
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Table 1.4 Some Neurodiagnostic Procedures
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Table 1.5
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Table 1.6 Prevalence of Specific Mental Disorders in Adults Worldwide
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Figure 1.1 Correlations Showing Different Relationships Between Two Variables
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Figure 1.2 A Sample Figure Completion Task From a Test of Cognitive Ability
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Figure 1.3 Inkblot Such As Those Used in the Rorschach
Source: Dimec/Shutterstock.com.
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Figure 1.4 MMPI-2-RF Profile
Source: Based on data from Nichols, 2006.
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Figure 1.5 Mapping the Geography of the Brain
(a) CT scan (b) MRI
Sources: (a) Santibhavanak P/Shutterstock.com. (b) Triff/Shutterstock.com.
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Figure 1.5 Mapping the Geography of the Brain
(c) PET scan (d) fMRI
Sources: (c) Jens Maus (Langner) (http://www.jens-langner.de) (d) John Graner, Neuroimaging Department, National Intrepid Center of Excellence, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, 8901 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20889, USA.
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Figure 1.6 A DSM-5 Diagnosis of Gollum from The Hobbit and Lord of the Rings
Source: Mawardi Bahar/Shutterstock.com.