Lecture Exam Monday
description
Transcript of Lecture Exam Monday
Lecture Exam Monday• 100 point exam• covers lectures, assigned readings• 8-12 short answer questions; 4-6 pts ea
– complete, concise answer– ex: definition; short description
• 3-5 longer questions; 10-15 pts ea• Finish by 2:55--budget time• Power Point lectures on blackboard• Chapters: 1, 2, 12, 13, 3, 14, 4, 15, 5
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4. Swim bladder
• low density• adjustable• most bony fishes• lost secondarily in some species
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Two types of swim bladders:
• Physostomous– pneumatic duct– soft-rayed teleosts--herrings, salmonids,
catfishes, cyprinids, eels, etc.• Physoclistous
– blood/circulatory system– spiney-rayed teleosts--Acanthopterygii,
sunfishes, perch, most marine fishes
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Effects of depth on swim bladder volume
• pressure increases 1 ATM/10m• swim bladder must be adjustable• Physostomous fishes adjust volume by
gulping or spitting air.– mostly shallow water species– gas-spitting reflex– gulp air at surface
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Physoclistous inflation/deflation• circulatory system--source of gases• rete mirabile (wonderful net) --inflation• oval window--deflation• Problem: fish need greater pressure in
swim bladder than is achieved by equilibrium with blood gases
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Oxygen equilibrium—swim bladder inflation
DO
hemoglobin
plasma gaseous O2O2 O2
O2
gills
blood
rete
water swim bladder
How are high pressures achieved?
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Counter-current multiplication system
afferent blood
efferent blood
O2hemepO2
O2heme pO2
pO2
swim
bla
dder
O2heme pO2
lactic acidBohr & Root
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Diagram of basic functional unit of rete(inflation)
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Function of Rete Mirabile
1. Hemoglobin saturated with O2 (O2 heme)
plasma O2 low (p O2)
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Counter-current multiplication system
afferent blood
efferent blood
O2hemepO2
O2heme pO2
pO2
swim
bla
dder
O2heme pO2
1 2
lactic acid
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Function of Rete Mirabile2. Lactic Acid Secretions heme dumps O2 to plasma pO2 diffuses into swim bladder to equil.
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Counter-current multiplication system
afferent blood
efferent blood
O2hemepO2
O2heme pO2
pO2
swim
bla
dder
O2heme pO2
lactic acid
1 2
3
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Function of Rete Mirabile3. Multiplying effect: pO2 diffuses from efferent
capillary to afferent cap. Longer capillaries yield more efficient exchange of oxygen, higher pressures
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O2O2
1. Steady supply of oxygen in2. Little or none leaves3. PO2 accum. in plasma
4. Diffusion into SB
Summary of what happens to O2
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Physoclistous swim bladder
• Pressures up to 300 ATM in some deep sea fishes• Gases mostly O2, some CO2 and N2
• Guanine crystals in SB wall reduce permeability• Deflation occurs at oval window
– dense bed of capillaries on SB wall– gasses diffuse into blood– mucus layer covers window during inflation
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Summary:• Diffusion of O2; controlled by structure & function
• Relationship O2 bound to hemoglobin versus O2 in plasma
• Effect of pH on affinity/capacity of hemoglobin for O2 (Bohr & Root)
• Counter-current multiplier– length of capillaries– counter-current flow of blood
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Thermoregulation:
• Cold-blooded -poor descriptor• Poikilotherm (n); poikilothermic (adj)
– variable body temperature– opposite = homeotherm
• Ectotherm (n); ectothermic (adj)– temp. determined by environment– opposite = endotherm
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Why are fishes ectothermic?Heat generated by metabolism
skin
skin
bodygills
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Behavioral Thermoregulation
• nearly all fishes• choose from available temperatures• concept of temperature preference
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Temperature Preference:
Acclimation temperature C
Pre
ferr
ed te
mpe
ratu
re C
10 4010
40
bluegill
chum salmon
guppy
final preferendum
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Physiological Thermoregulation
• few fishes--tunas & lamnid sharks• fish are active --generate heat• rete mirabile for heat exchange & conserv.• fish are large--low surface area to mass ratio
– body surf. area increases as square of length– body mass increases as cube of length
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Physiological Thermoregulation
body
skin
skingills
heat
rete mirabile
Counter-current blood flow
Distance along capillaries (rete)
Tem
pera
ture
low
high
arterial blood
venous bloodheat
from gills
from body
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Counter Current flow:
• fluid flowing in opposite directions• exchange of heat or gas perpendicular to
flow• efficiency versus speed
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Distance along capillaries (rete)
Tem
pera
ture
low
high
Hypothetical Co-current blood flow:
from gills
from body
arterial blood
venous bloodcounter-current
heat
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Hypothetical Co-Current flow:
• fluid flowing in same direction• exchange of heat or gas perpendicular to
flow• speed versus efficiency
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