Lecture Comparative 090115

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Comparative Police System

Topic 2

Japan’s Police a political body under the general supervision of an independent agency, the

National Police Agency.

National Organization

National Public Safety Commission

- It exercises administrative supervision over the National police Agency under the

jurisdiction of the Prime Minister.

- Authority to appoint or dismiss senior police officers.

- the commission consists of a chairman ho holds the ran! of Minister of

"tate and five members appointed by the prime minister ith the consent of both

houses of the #iet. $he commission operates independently of the cabinet, but

coordinates ith it through the Minister of "tate.

National Public "afety %ommission

head&uartered in the 'nd (uilding of the %entral %ommon )overnment *ffice at '-

+-' asumigase!i in asumigase!i, %hiyoda, $o!yo.

National Police Agency eisatsu-ch/

-as the central coordinating body for the entire police system, the National Police

Agency determines general standards and policies0 detailed direction of operations

is left to the loer echelons.

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-headed by a %ommissioner )eneral ho is under the administrative supervision of

the %ommission, administers the agency1s operations, appoints and dismisses

agency employees and supervises and controls prefectural police organi2ations

ithin the agency1s defined duties.

Organizations attached to the National Police Agency

+/ National Police Academy - provides training to senior police officers

and carries out academic research.

'/ National Research Institute of Police Science - conducts research in

forensic science and applies the result of such research in the examination

and identification of evidence collected during police investigations

3/ Imperial uards !ead"uarters - provides escort to the 4mperor,

4mpress, %ron Prince and other Imperial 5amily members. It is also

responsible for the security of the Imperial Palace and other Imperial

5acilities. It consists of the Imperial Police Administration, the Imperial

"ecurity and the Imperial 4scort #epartment.

National Organization

#$ Police Administration %ureau

is concerned ith police personnel, education, elfare, training, and unit

inspections.

&$ Criminal In'estigation %ureau

is in charge of research statistics and the investigation of nationally important and

international cases. $his bureau1s "afety #epartment is responsible for crime

prevention, combating juvenile delin&uency, and pollution control.

In addition, the %riminal Investigation (ureau surveys, formulates, and

recommends legislation on firearms, explosives, food, drugs, and narcotics. $he

%ommunications (ureau supervises police communications systems.

($)raffic %ureau

-licenses drivers, enforces traffic safety las, and regulates traffic.

-Intensive traffic safety and driver education campaigns are run at both national

and prefectural levels.

-the bureau1s 4xpressay #ivision addresses special conditions of the nation1s

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groing system of express highays.

*$Security %ureau

- formulates and supervises the execution of security policies. It conducts research

on e&uipment and tactics for suppressing riots and oversees and coordinates

activities of the riot police.-is also responsible for security intelligence on foreigners and radical political

groups, including investigation of violations of the Alien 6egistration 7a and

administration of the 4ntry and 4xit %ontrol 7a.

-implements security policies during national emergencies and natural disasters.

+$ Regional Public Safety %ureaus

-each responsible for a number of prefectures.

-headed by a #irector and they are organi2ed similar to the %entral *ffice. $hey

are located in major cities of each geographic region.

$he $o!yo Metropolitan Police #epartment and 8o!!aido Prefectural Police

8ead&uarters are excluded from the jurisdiction of 6P(s.

8eaded by a #irector )eneral, each 6P( exercises necessary control and

supervision over and provides support services to prefectural police ithin its

jurisdiction, under the authority and orders of NPA1s %ommissioner )eneral.

Attached to each 6egional Police (ureaus is a 6egional Police "chool hich

provides police personnel ith education and training re&uired of staff officers as

ell as other necessary education and training.

Police Community ,i'isions

Metropolitan $o!yo and the island of 8o!!aid are excluded from the regional

jurisdictions and are run more autonomously than other local forces, in the case of

$o!yo, because of its special urban situation, and of 8o!!aid, because of its

distinctive geography.

$he National Police Agency maintains police communications divisions in these to

areas to handle any coordination needed beteen national and local forces.

9ho provides personal security for the 4mperor, %ron Prince and other members

of the Imperial 5amily of :apan;

Anser< Imperial )uard

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-OCA- ORANI.A)ION

• forty-three prefectutal !en/ police forces0

• $o!yo Metropolitan to/ police force, in $o!yo0

•

to urban prefectural fu/ police forces, in *sa!a and yoto0 and• one district d/ police force, in 8o!!aid.

Prefectural Police

• 8ead&uarters contains administrative division corresponding to those of the

bureaus of the National Police Agency.

• It is staffed by specialist in basic police functions and administration and are

commanded by an officer appointed by the local office of the National Public

"afety %ommission

• More arrest and investigation are performed• :apan=s police are organi2ed on a prefectural basis. Prefectural police are

placed in each Prefecture to perform various police activities under the

supervision of the Prefectural Public "afety %ommission

• >nder the National Public "afety %ommission, the National Police Agency

NPA/ is set up to supervise these Prefectural Police or adjust their activities

from the national standpoint.

/oban0 Police %o1es

• is a small neighborhood police station found in :apan.

smallest organi2ational unit in today1s :apanese police system.

• in addition to central police stations, :apanese uniformed police or! is done

from small buildings located ithin the community, a form of community

policing.

• as of '??@, there are about ,??? !ban all over :apan.

• form the first line of police response to the public

• is staffed by relatively small number of police officers 3-B officers in usual/,

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Riot Police 2 /idotai3

• 9ithin their security divisions, each prefecture level police department and

the $o!yo police maintain idotai, special riot units.

• In handling demonstrations and violent disturbances, riot units are deployed

en masse, military style. It is common practice for files of riot police to linestreets through hich demonstrations pass. If demonstrators gro

disorderly or deviate from officially sanctioned areas, riot police stand

shoulder-to-shoulder, sometimes three and four deep, to push ith their

hands to control the crods. Individual action is forbidden..

• Police brutality is rarely an issue. 9hen excesses occur, the perpetrator is

disciplined and sometimes transferred from the force if considered unable to

!eep his temper.

• Although many police are assigned riot duty, only a fe are volunteers. 5or

many personnel, riot duty serves as a stepping stone because of itsreputation and the opportunities it presents to study for the advanced police

examinations necessary for promotion. (ecause riot duties demands physical

fitnessCthe armored uniform eighed . !ilogramsCmost personnel are

young, often serving in the units after an initial assignment in a !oban.

Special Police

• in addition to regular police officers, there are several thousand officials

attached to various agencies ho perform special duties relating to public

safety.• they are responsible for such matters as forest preser'ation4 narcotics

control4 fishery inspection4 and enforcement of regulations on

maritime4 labor4 and mine safety$

$he NPA Commissioner eneral holds the highest position in the Japanese

police$ 8is title is not a ran! but rather denotes his position as head of the NPA.

*n the other hand, the 5P, Superintendent eneral represents not only the

highest ran! in the system but also assignment as head of the $o!yo Metropolitan

Police #epartment

Chief of the National Police Agency6

%ommissioner )eneral *6 eisatsu-ch %h!an

-o7est Ran86

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Police *fficer *r :unsa

)o8yo Police ,epartment

$he largest urban Police 5orce in the orld.

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Singapore Police 9orce

2SP93

• is the 6epublic1s main police agency tas!ed ith maintaining la and

order in the island city-state.

• 5ormerly !non as the Republic of Singapore Police

• 5orce is split beteen staff and line functions, roughly modeled after

military.

It has gron from an ++-man organi2ation to a 3D,BD@ strong force.

5otto: ;7oyalty and "erviceE

Current Commissioner of Police6

8oong 9ee $ec!

"4NI*6 *55I%46 6AN"

%ommissioner of Police

#eputy %ommissioner of Police

"enior Assistant %ommissioner

Assistant %ommissioner

#eputy Assistant %ommissioner

"uperintendent

#eputy "uperintendent

Assistant "uperintendent

%hief Inspector

Inspector

P*7I%4 *55I%46 6AN"

"enior "tation Inspector '

"enior "tation Inspector "tation Inspector

"enior "taff sergeant

"taff "ergeant

"ergeant

%orporal

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%onstable

-o7est Ran86 %onstable

!ighest Ran8 6 %ommissionerF %ommissioner of Police

5ANPO-ARS

$hey are the uniformed, full-time officers

ho constitute about '?G of the police1s total or!force and number

approximately D,??? in strength

- (asic training for all officers are conducted at the 8ome $eam Academy

&$ PO-IC= NA)IONA- S=R?IC=5=N

$he reservists ho are augmented to the "ingapore Police 5orce in +H@B,

and given the primary function of guarding !ey installation and to act as a

reserve unit.

($ )!= ?O->N)==RS

5ormed in +H, )he ?olunteer Special Constabulary J"%/ is an

important component of the "ingapore Police 5orce, contributing more than

fifty years of volunteer service to the nation.

$he J"% comprises of volunteers from all al!s of life in "ingapore, from

businessmen to blue-collar executives to even bus captains, bonded ith the

same aspiration to serve the nation by complementing the "ingapore Police

5orce.

$hey are vested ith e&ual poers of a police officer to enforce la and

order in "ingapore. J"% *fficers don the same police uniform and patrol the

streets, participate in anti-drug operations and sometimes even high-speed

sea chases.

*$ CI?I-IAN S)A99

%ivilian staff in the Police 5orce are deployed in areas such as technology,

logistics, human resource and administrative and finance services as ell as

planning and intelligence.

+$ S)A99 nited (as!etball %lub 8>(%/

8ome >nited 5ootball %lub 8>5%/

:*M - %lubhouse for Police *fficers

Polel %o-operative "ociety 7imited

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Team_Academyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Team_Academy


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Police %omputer %lub

Police "ports Association P"A/

Police 9elfare #ivision

"enior Police *fficers1 Mess "P*M/

"ingapore Police %o-operative "ociety 7imited

>niform

>niforms of the "ingapore Police 5orce are a ,ar8 blue 2or more

accurately ,acron blue3, and have remained so continuously since +HH,

although the first police uniforms introduced in #@+ ere also in the same colour.

!ead"uarter -ocation:

Ne Phoenix Par! in Novena

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!ong /ong Police 9orce

5otto:

K9e "erve ith Pride and %areE


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"uperintendent of Police L Major/

%hief Inspector of Police L %aptain/

"enior Inspector of Police L 7t. over a bar/

Inspector of Police L 7ieutenant/

Probationary Inspector of Police L "econd 7ieutenant/ "tation "ergeant L "taff "ergeant/

"ergeant L "ergeant/

"enior %onstable L 7ance %orporal/

Police %onstable


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C!INA• consists of an extensive public security system and a variety of

enforcement procedures used to maintain order in the country. $he

country1s judicial and public security agencies include the Ministry of Public

"ecurity and the Ministry of "tate "ecurity, ith their descending

hierarchy of departments, bureaus, subbureaus, and stations.

C!INA PO-IC= SBS)=5

Police Structure

#$ Public Security Police - are the largest and oldest components of %hinese

Police as to its organi2ational hierarchy it is consist of<

5inistry of Public Security - responsible for ma!ing nationide regulations

concerning the la enforcements procedures, recruitment procedures, recruitment

standards, training re&uirements, an d promotion criteria. It represents the central

government in directing and regulating police or! throughout the country.

Main domestic security in Peoples 6epublic of %hina."ince the creation of the Ministry of "tate "ecurity in +HD3, the MP" has lost much

authority and does not underta!e riot control functions, hich are no ithin the

province of the People1s Armed Police, nor does it generally conduct domestic

intelligence hich since +HD3 has been a primary responsibility of the Ministry of

"tate "ecurity. 8ong ong and Macau have their on security bureausFagencies

and police forces. As of '?+',

b$ Pro'incial Public Security - at the provincial levels, it is accountable to the

ministry of public security at the same time it is also account able to the provincial

government.

c$ rassroots -e'el Public Security %ureaus - accountable to both higher level

public security bureaus and the people=s )overnment at the corresponding duties

of surprising connected offenders together ith prison police.

In addition to la enforcement duties, Public "ecurity Police also ta!e full charge

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_of_the_People's_Republic_of_Chinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riot_controlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Armed_Policehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_of_the_People's_Republic_of_Chinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_of_the_People's_Republic_of_Chinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Konghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macauhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_of_the_People's_Republic_of_Chinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riot_controlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Armed_Policehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_of_the_People's_Republic_of_Chinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_of_the_People's_Republic_of_Chinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Konghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau


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of supervising convicted offenders together ith Prison Police.

-Public Security Police - supervised offenders serving community sentences such

as probation and parole.

-Prison Police - supervised incarcerated offenders0 it is under the leadership of the

Ministry of the :ustice.

N*$4< 7ocal )overnments are responsible for determining the si2e of the public

force needed in the jurisdictions, and determining the local enforcement priorities.

&$ Special Public Security Police - sound by rules and regulation issued by the

Ministry of Public "ecurity but considered part of and under the direct leadership of

the corresponding government ministries.

a. 6ailay Police - maintains orders in trains and stations

b. $ransportation Police - provides security in ateray transportation

c. %ivil Aviation Police - maintain order in airports and provides for civilian Air

$ransportation

d. 5orest Police - patrol the national forest to prevent forest fires, illegal cutting,

and other activities by "tate 5orest 7a

3. People’s Armed Police L

In contrast to public security police, PAP servicemen, also called as Armed

Policemen 武警战士/, ear olive green instead of the blue uniforms of the Public

"ecurity #epartment People1s Police and other branches of People1s Police

function include patrol, maintaining security and order in border areas, guarding

high-ran!ing government officials and foreign dignitaries and providing security for

important government building and facilities. It is under the joint command of the

Ministry of Public "ecurity and %entral Military %ommittee.

-is a paramilitary police force under the authority of the Ministry of Public "ecurity.

After a trial period in selected jurisdictions, it as officially established at the

national level in +HD3. In line ith the general policy of reducing the si2e of the

armed forces and transferring responsibilities to the civilian sector, the nely

established force as formed from internal security units reassigned from the P7A

to the Ministry of Public "ecurity and from border defense customs/ and fire-

fighting units. In +HDB the PAP consisted of approximately ??,??? volunteers and

conscripts. 9ith a general head&uarters at the national level and subordinate

division-level provincial or speciali2ed units, regimental-level detachments, and

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_of_the_People's_Republic_of_Chinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_of_the_People's_Republic_of_Chinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Policehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_of_the_People's_Republic_of_Chinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_of_the_People's_Republic_of_Chinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Police


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battalion-level brigades, it retained its military organi2ation.

$he history of the People1s Armed Police is as long as that of the People1s 6epublic,

and its origin can be traced bac! to the People1s 7iberation Army, hich as

responsible for both defending the nation from foreign invasions and internalsecurity. Although the force as officially established in +HD', its constituent units

stretch bac! to +HH. After the establishment of the People1s 6epublic of %hina, it

as soon apparent that the different troops ere re&uired for the vastly different

missions, and the domestic security functions had to be removed from the People1s

7iberation Army. As a result, the portion of People1s 7iberation Army responsible

for internal security and other domestic police missions branched out to form the

Public "ecurity Army, under the administration of the Ministry of Public "ecurity of

the People1s 6epublic of %hina. Although under the Ministry of Public "ecurity, the

Public "ecurity Army troops ere not exactly public security police officers becausein addition to regular police or!, they ere also tas!ed ith secondary military

tas!s hich as not part of the responsibility of regular police officers of the public

security ministry.

After numerous name changes and reorgani2ation, the PAP as created on :une

+H, +HD' by an amalgamation of the P7A1s border control, internal security units

domestic 1internal guard1 or and fire department/, as ell as from Ministry of

Public "ecurity units.

$he PAP has a dual command structure including the %entral Military

%ommission %M%/ and the "tate %ouncil through the Ministry of Public "ecurity.

*$ State Security Police - established in +HD3, it is responsible to protect state

security by preventing foreign espionage, sabotage and conspiracies. >nder the

leadership of the Ministry of the "tate "ecurity, "tate "ecurity (ureaus are

established in all provinces and some municipalities that have fre&uent contacts

ith foreign countries.

Ran8ing System

$he People=s Police 6an!ing 6egularities of +HH' established the folloing police

ran!s<

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Liberation_Armyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_of_the_People's_Republic_of_Chinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_of_the_People's_Republic_of_Chinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(People's_Republic_of_China)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(People's_Republic_of_China)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Liberation_Armyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_of_the_People's_Republic_of_Chinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_of_the_People's_Republic_of_Chinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(People's_Republic_of_China)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(People's_Republic_of_China)


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+. )eneral "uperintendent conferred on individuals ho hold minister-level

government post/

'. #eputy )eneral "uperintendent conferred on individuals ho hold deputy-

minister-level government post/3. "uperintendent first, second, and third grade/

. Inspector first, second, and third grade/

B. "ergeant first, second, and third grade/

. *fficer first and second grade/

!ead"uarter6 (eijing, 8aidian #istrict, %hina

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Lecture Comparative 090115

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