Lecture ch03

Wendy A. MitteagerState University of New York, Oneonta

Chapter 3 Lecture

Human Geography: Places and Regions in Global Context

Sixth Edition

Population Geography

Key Concepts – Population Geography• Census• Demographics - Gender,

race, age

• Population Dynamics – Birth & Death Rates, Fertility, Lifespan

• Movement of Population – Migration patterns – Diaspora - Refugees

• Population Patterns – Population Density

• Sustainable Development –Economic/ Env. & Social Dev.

Figure 3.1 Biometric census taking in India, 2011 – Govt. photographs & fingerprints individuals for a national database

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Demography

• The study of the

characteristics of a

human population– Gender, race, age, income,

employment, education,

disabilities, etc.

• Census– Vital records – – Birth & Death Certificates– Limitations

Figure 3.2 Accuracy of the 1990 U.S. census

Census - straightforward count of people in a country, region, area, etc.U.S. Census Bureau – www.census.gov/ Census - straightforward count of people in a country, region, area, etc.U.S. Census Bureau – www.census.gov/

http://www.census.gov/







World Population Distribution & Density

Figure 3.3 World population density, 2010What specific spatial data is portrayed & what is the map type?What world region is highlighted with an inset map? Are you surprised that Europe has more than twice the population density of N. America? What nations are in Eastern Europe?

Note below: Where are the major Population Density clusters for Human Population on Earth?What areas stand out to you?

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Population Distribution• Geographic reasons

– Environmental &

physical factors-Site & Situation:

Proximity to water sources for transport

Accessibility & transferability of goods

Arid Subtropical Desert Climate [Fresh water Nile River flowing “north” from

its origin in the Great African Rift Valley]

Agricultural density along Nile River

Total Population: 83,688,164 Million

– Cultural characteristics-Language & Religion: Sunni Muslim (90%) & Coptic Christian (10%),

Egyptian ethnicity, Arabic, French & English languages, • Transnational Issues: Refugees (country of origin): 70,029 (West

Bank and Gaza Strip); 10,324 (Sudan); 6,037 (Iraq) (2011); 16,195 (Syria); 7,595 (Somalia) (2013)

Figure 3.4 Population distribution of Egypt


[Insert Figure 3.A]

A New Sense of Identity, USA

Figure 3.A Mixed-race Americans

• Figure 3.B Mixed-race Americans, by region• Number per 1,000 marriages.• Will Inter-marriage change the idea of race?


Population Density and Composition

• Crude (arithmetic) density – number of people per square mile/kilometer in a region

Number of people = Crude

Total land area. Density• Mexico City, Mexico• 18 Million residents • 8,400 persons per square

kilometer• 21,800 persons per square

mile

Figure 3.5 Mexico City, a classic high-density urban settlement – Historical site & situation of the Aztec Empire on a lakeHigh Elevation Site / Inland of the Arid Subtropics of the Mexican subcontinent of N. America.• Elevation causes Air Pollution Inversion, Smog

layer over city – car exhaust

Nutritional & Subsistence Agricultural Population Density

• Nutritional density – Ratio between total population & amount of land under cultivation per unit of land.

• Agricultural density - Ratio between people earning their living from working the land – per unit of farmable land in a specific area.



Health Care Density

Figure 3.6 Countries with a high proportion of elderly people face unique challenges. This map shows the ratio of physicians to the population by nation. Do the nations also correspond to the World’s highest Population Density & Distribution? What type of Population Pyramid would you expect for the U.S., India, China? See next page… What type of map is this?


Age-Sex Pyramids

• Shape of pyramid

is dependent on proportion of

people in each

age cohort• Dependency ratio

Figure 3.7 Population of Germany by age and sex, 2000


Figure 3.8 Population Pyramids of Core and Peripheral Countries

Age-Sex Pyramids, (cont'd)

Apply your knowledge: Why do researchers divide the population of a country into youth, middle, & higher age cohorts? What do these categories indicate about the potential of a country's population? BIRTH RATES & TOTAL FERTILITY RATES

Age Range of Women in Child-bearing years


U.S. Population• Baby Boom generation

– Born 1946-1964• Demographic, political,

and economic factors– Suburbanization

• Aging of the core

countries• Impacts on younger

Americans– The Net Generation

– INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION to the North America will be a major factor in population growth.

Figure 3.D Improved health care leading to longer life expectancies


Birth (or Fertility) Rates

• Crude birthrate (CBR) Live births per 1,000

• Total fertility rate (TFR) is the average number of children a Woman of child-bearing age, roughly ages 15-49, is expected to have in her lifetime. A high TFR generally indicates low level of development.

• Doubling time - how long it will take a population of an area to grow to twice its current size. Ex. Kenya’s rate of increase is 3.18% and will double in 22 years.

Table 3.3 TFR provides more insight into the potential of a population for growth & primarily because of:

“the Status of Women” in that Nation• Women’s Educational Level• Access to Healthcare & Prenatal Care• Employment & Social Class

Losing population – 141 Million


Death (or Mortality) Rates• Crude death rate (CDR) – ratio of deaths in 1 year for every 1,000

people in the population. Often reflect levels of economic development – more developed countries with lower birth rates generally have lower death rates.

• Factors – availability of healthcare, social class, occupation, & residence.

Figure 3.12 World crude death rates, 2009 & 2010


World Infant Mortality Rates

Figure 3.14 World infant mortality rates 2009

Infant mortality rate – deaths per 1,000 births – rate much higher in periphery nations, due to limited access to prenatal care, clean water, disease, nutrition


Figure 3.13

World Rates of Natural Increase, 2009Birth Rate – Death Rate = Natural Increase


Figure 3.15

Global Distribution of HIV Infection, 2010

Who decides how health issues like HIV/AIDS, infant mortality, or life expectancy are addressed in a nation? Why are there so many people with HIV/AIDS in the United States? • Per Health Statistics, 25% of new HIV/AIDS Cases in the U.S. are young people ages

12 to 18.• The break-up of the U.S.S.R. in 1991 has resulted in higher incidences in HIV/AIDS

along with increased drug addiction & alcoholism due to breakdown of social services.

Demographic Transition Theory

Figure 3.16 The Demographic Transition Model - Read pages 82-854 Stages:• Preindustrial - High Birth rates & Death rates • Phase 2 Transitional- Steady Birth Rates, falling Death

rates• with improvements in healthcare & Sanitation• Phase 3 Transitional – Death rates < Birth rates &

Population growth rises• Industrial – Population growth levels off Low Birth rates

& Death rates Higher levels of Education & healthcare• Theory that levels of economic development are linked

to fertility rates and mortality rates for a nation. • Industrialization & technology transform quality of life

leading to lower birth and death rates = more stable population level

Figure 3.17 World trends in birth and

death rates, 1775-2050Shows impact of

affluence on reproductive choices.

Overall slowing of Population increase in

peripheral regions.p. 84


Demographic Transition Theory, (cont'd)


• Voluntary migration– Guest workers– Undocumented

workers

• Forced migration• Refugees• Internally displaced

persons (IDPs)

Mobility and Migration

• Emigration – leaving one’s country of birth

• Immigration-entering another country

• International &

internal migration– Permanent &

temporary

• Gross & net migration• Push and pull factors -

• Migrant – a Person who is able to move to another region or country for a variety of reasons.


Mobility and Migration, (cont'd)

Figure 3.18 Global voluntary migration, 2005



• Great Recession and

undocumented workers

• Transnational migrants – People migrating for economic reasons, citizens of one nation, working in a host nation

• Eco-migration

Figure 3.19 Controversy surrounds immigration over the U.S./Mexico border. The

Samaritans' mission is to end immigration related death and suffering.

Film: “El Norte” told story of Nicaraugan family escaping political repression the

“Death Squads”


Figure 3.E Internally displaced persons, 2007Reasons for Internal Displacement – Famine, War, Ethnic Conflict, Environmental Hazard or Natural Disasters.


Diaspora-forced migration of People from their Homeland

Figure 3.21 Iraqi diaspora before 2003 and sinceDiaspora – Movement of Iraqis away from their Homeland due to armed conflict, ethnic conflict, or other conflict. Considered a Humanitarian Crisis by the U.N. Upwards to +5 Million people have left Iraq for neighboring nations of Jordan, Syria, Turkey, Iran, Kuwait, & Persian Gulf nations of the Saudi Arabian Peninsula as Refugees since the start of the 2003 Invasion & ensuing Iraqi insurgency.

Figure 3.22 Palestinian refugees in the Middle East



Figure 3.23 Changing demographic center of the U.S. 1790 - 2010Based on westward - shifting Population Density of the U.S.

U.S. Census Definition: MEAN CENTER OF POPULATION:“The mean center of population is the point at which an imaginary, flat, weightless, and rigid map of the United States would balance if weights of identical value were placed on it so that each weight represented the location of one person on April 1, 1990” http://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/files/popctr.pdf

Figure 3.24 U.S. Rustbelt – Entire communities devastated economically by shrinking of Auto manufacturing industry.The jobs migrated overseas while people migrated to the American Sunbelt. Article on major Migrations of Americans for economic push factors:http://www.inmotionaame.org/migrations/topic.cfm?migration=11&topic=4

http://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/files/popctr.pdf

http://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/files/popctr.pdf

http://www.inmotionaame.org/migrations/topic.cfm?migration=11&topic=4

http://www.inmotionaame.org/migrations/topic.cfm?migration=11&topic=4


Population Debates and Policies• Population and

Natural Resources• Water, Land, Air, Fuel

– Malthus– Neo-Malthusians

• Population policy

Figure 3.29 Educating girls in Afghanistan

Figure 3.27 World population projections

Educational level of Women – Translates into improved health of children & family members

Where is population projected to grow fastest?

What are the population projections for 2025, 2050, 2075, etc.? What will a world with 11.5 Billion People be like?


Population Policies

• Environmentally• Sustainable

Development:• World Population growth

balanced with food security & healthcare

• Gender Issues• Neoliberalism-”fre

e markets” produce optimum political & social conditions.


Future Geographies

• 2012 population: 7 billion

• Projected to increase to:– 9.3 billion by 2050– Core vs. periphery

growth

• What will happen in the future?– How will urban

systems keep up? Figure 3.31 Shanghai, China: one of the world's largest cities at 14 million


End of Chapter 3

Lecture ch03

Education

Transcript of Lecture ch03