LECTURE 7: Learning/ Behaviorism - York University · Operant Conditioning (Skinner) Social...
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Transcript of LECTURE 7: Learning/ Behaviorism - York University · Operant Conditioning (Skinner) Social...
LECTURE 7: Learning/Behaviorism
Expect:
But …..
Def’n: “a relatively permanent change in
immediate or potential behavior that results from experience
Learning Models: Classical Conditioning (Pavlov) Operant Conditioning (Skinner) Social Learning Theory (Bandura)
Classical:
Operant:
CLASSICAL Before conditioning
U.S. U.R. (food) naturally causes (salivation)
[i.e., natural, reflex reaction]
During Conditioning C.S.)
U.S. U.R. (food) (salivation)
Example 2
1). U.S. U.R. (fire) naturally causes (fear)
2). C.S. (siren)
U.S. U.R. (fire) (fear)
Conditioning
C.S. C.R. (siren) because of classical (fear) conditioning causes
ACQUISITION PROCESSES (see overhead)
Other important Processes: Extinction
diminishing of a response (it is extinguished)
Spontaneous Recovery the reappearance, after a rest period, of an
extinguished response
(see illustration)
ASSOCIATION PRINCIPLES advertising politicians radio – station’s call letters/hit song team
taste aversion – examples- fried eggplant sandwich
Rozin (1989) 1 -----2-----3-----4-----5----6----7----8-----9
dislike neutral like extremely extremely RESULTS: 82% 4 or less 58% disliked 76% disliked 71% disliked only 34% would pass up this cookie 84% reject if waiter takes a bite 31% reject if acquaintance takes a bite 16% reject if a friend takes a bite
OPERANT CONDITIONING Learn – a behavior has particular consequence thus, our behavior is influenced by the
consequences it engenders
in classical –
in operant -
History Thorndike J.B. Watson
“law of effect” -behavior is influenced by its consequences
Watson - childrearing manual - advertising
B.F. Skinner operant conditioning model of humans “Walden Two”
Walden Two - utopian community – novel -lollipop
” Los Horcones (Mexico)
20 years, established by psychology student Juan Robinson
town motto
Twin Oaks (Virginia)
Other applications
therapy – token economy (VIDEO – LATER – HARRY/BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION)
psychopathology e.g. depression
MODEL OF PERSONS Intuitive
S R
Skinner – “Black Box Theory
S R
thoughts - feelings
- goals, etc.
Behavior (response) is learned in reaction to a specific stimulus based on past consequences (reinforcement )
Positive Reinforcer
Negative Reinforcer Any stimulus whose removal
e.g. shock in cage rat learns to press a bar to remove an
aversive shock shock is a negative reinforcer
(increases bar pressing
Punishment
Schedules of Reinforcement
continuous ratio
fixed – variable –
interval fixed – variable –.
Effectiveness
Dangers of mentalism mechanistic model – no free will explains everything – personality,
language…
Punishment – takes a bad rap (Skinner)
Learn equal low Behavior levels of beh.
)
But…. Punishment has undesirable side
effects –
SOCIAL LEARNING APPROACH: intra-individual mediation
EXAMPLE: BOBO DOLL STUDIES Phase I
Observe adult aggress toward Bobo Doll rewarded punished control (no consequences)
Phase II Left in room to wait Dep measure: amount of aggression
RESULTS: A > C > B Phase III
-performance vs. learning phase II tests performance but phase III
tests learning. All kids learned aggression and will show it in the “right” circumstance.
TV VIOLENCE DEBATE -kids aggression increases after watching
violence on TV e.g., violent acts on kids’ TV # violent acts per hour
ABC, CBS, NBC, FOX, PBS, TBS, USA, MTV, HBO 6 – 8 am 283 8 – 10 142 10 - 12 82 12 – 2 125 2 – 3 71 3 – 5 166 5 – 8 156 8 – 10 119 10 – 12 115 Pattern???
Video Games?