Lecture 7: Diode...
Transcript of Lecture 7: Diode...
ECE 335: Electronic Engineering
Lecture 7:
Diode Applications
Faculty of EngineeringFaculty of EngineeringFaculty of EngineeringFaculty of Engineering
Diode Applications
• Half Wave Rectifier
• Full Wave Rectifier
• Clipping Circuits
• Clamping Circuits
• Regulator
• Regulated Power Supply
Diode Applications
• Half wave rectifier and equivalent circuit with
piece-wise linear model
vi
v i = VM sin (ωt)
Half Wave Rectifier
• The (ideal) diode conducts for vi >0 , thus
v0 ≈ vi
• For vi < 0, the (ideal) diode is an open circuit
(it doesn’t conduct) and
v0 ≈ 0.
Half Wave Rectifier
• In this simplified (ideal diode) case the
input and output waveforms are as shown
The diode must withstand a peak inverse voltage
of VM
Half Wave Rectifier
• The average d.c. value of this half-wave-
rectified sine wave is
+= ∫
π
θθπ
0
0sin2
1dVV MAV
[ ]π
ππ
MM VV=−−= 0coscos
2
Half Wave Rectifier
• So far this rectifier is not very useful.
• Even though the output does not change polarity it has a lot of ripplei.e. variations in output voltage about a steady value.
• To generate an output voltage that more closely resembles a true d.c. voltage we can use a reservoir or smoothing capacitor in parallel with the output (load) resistance.
Smoothed Half Wave Rectifier
Circuit with reservoir
capacitor
Output voltage
The capacitor charges over the period t1 to t2 when the diode is on
and discharges from t2 to t3 when the diode is off.
Smoothed Half Wave Rectifier
• When the supply voltage exceeds the output voltage the (ideal) diode conducts. During the charging period (t1 < t< t2)
vo = VM sin (ωt)
Smoothed Half Wave Rectifier
• When the supply voltage falls below the output voltage the diode switches off and the capacitor discharges through the load.
• During the discharge period (t2 < t< t3 ) and
vo = VM exp {- t’ /RC}
where t’= t- t2
• At time t3 the supply voltage once again exceeds the load voltage and the cycle repeats
Smoothed Half Wave Rectifier
• The resistance in the discharge phase is the
load resistance R.
• RC can be made large compared to the wave
period.
• The change in output voltage (or ripple) can
then be estimated using a linear
approximation to the exponential discharge.
Smoothed Half Wave Rectifier
• vo = VM exp {- t’ /RC} ≈ VM [ 1- (t’ /RC)]
• The change in voltage ∆V is therefore
approximately given by VM t’ /RC
• For a the half wave rectifier this discharge
occurs for a time (t3 - t2 ) close to the period T
= 1/f, with f= frequency.
• Giving the required result:
RC
TV∆V
M≈
Smoothed Half Wave Rectifier
• We can define a ripple factor as
where Vd.c. = (VM - ∆V/2)
The lower the ripple factor the better
d.cV
∆Vfactor Ripple =
Full-Wave (Bridge) Rectifier
• We initially consider the diodes to be ideal, such
that VC =0 and Rf =0
• The four-diode bridge can be bought as a package
vi
Full-Wave (Bridge) Rectifier
• During positive half cycles vi is positive.
• Current is conducted through diodes D1, resistor R and diode D2
• Meanwhile diodes D3 and D4 are reverse biased.
vi
Full-Wave (Bridge) Rectifier
• During negative half cycles vi is negative.
• Current is conducted through diodes D3, resistor R and diode D4
• Meanwhile diodes D1 and D2 are reverse biased.
vi
Full-Wave (Bridge) Rectifier
• Current always flows the same way through the load R.
• Show for yourself that the average d.c. value of this full-wave-rectified sine wave is VAV = 2VM/π(i.e. twice the half-wave value)
Full-Wave (Bridge) Rectifier
• Two diodes are in the conduction path.
• Thus in the case of non-ideal diodes vo will be
lower than vi by 2VC.
• As for the half-wave rectifier a reservoir
capacitor can be used. In the full wave case
the discharge time is T/2 and
2RC
TV∆V
M≈
Diode Clipper Circuits
• These circuits clip off portions of signal
voltages above or below certain limits, i.e. the
circuits limit the range of the output signal.
• Such a circuit may be used to protect the
input of a CMOS logic gate against static.
Diode Clipper Circuits
• When the diode is off the output of these
circuits resembles a voltage divider
i
SL
L
o vRR
Rv
=
+
Diode Clipper Circuits
• If RS << RL
• The level at which the signal is clipped can be
adjusted by adding a d.c. bias voltage in series
with the diode.
v0 ≈≈≈≈ vi