Lecture 6 MGMT 6180 - © 2012 Houman Younessi Understanding the Technological Infrastructure (Part...

Lecture 6

MGMT 6180 - © 2012 Houman Younessi

Understanding the Technological Infrastructure (Part 1)

“Understanding Information TECHNOLOGY”(Part 1)

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Application:Collection of programs that together achieve a particular objective directly related to a task that the user wishes to perform.

Program:

Code written - in a human understandable language - that is to be executed in computer memory where it can perform tasks on data.

Algorithms + Data Structures

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Algorithm:

A finite set of well-defined instructions for accomplishing a given task which, given an initial state, will terminate in a defined end-state representing a particular goal.

e.g. A recipe to cook lasagna

e.g. A set of instructions to minimize a path traveled

e.g. A set of instructions to sort a set of numbers

Recursive, iterative; Deterministic, Non-deterministic; Serial, Parallel

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Examples of Algorithms:

Recursive Iterative

function fib(n)

if n = 0

return 0

if n = 1

return 1

else

return fib(n-1) + fib(n-2)

function fib(n)

a, c = 0 ,b = 1

Do (n times)

{ c = a+b

a = b

b = c

return b}

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Programming Language:Artificial Language created to produce artifacts called programs that control the behavior of automata, usually a computer.

Compilers, Interpreters;

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Example Programs in Various Languages:

int fib(int n) {

if (n <= 2) return 1

else return fib(n-1) + fib(n-2) }

(+ (fib(- N 1)) (fib(- N 2)))))

fib1,fib2 :=1

to n do begin

fib1,fib2 :=fib2,fib1; fib1 :=fib1+fib2

end;

C family

Lisp family

Algol family

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Data Structure:

A well-defined form of storing data.

• Influences the efficiency of algorithm used.

• Abstract (Data-type), Concrete (Implementation);

• Simple, Composite;

Implemented in Memory

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Example Data Structure: Stack

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Database:A system that provides organized collection, retention and presentation of data according to a well-defined model that ensures user selected persistence.

• Definition and query schemas,

• Models (Hierarchical, networked, relational, object)

• Transaction

• Concurrency

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Application Types:

- Compiler

- Operating System

- DBMS

- Accounting and financial management

- Inventory management

- CAD

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Islands of Information/Automation

Need for inter-communication

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Network:A collection of links arranged so that messages may be passed from one part to another usually over multiple links.

Data Communication Networks

Tele-Communication Networks

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Network ProtocolsThe Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model (OSI Model or OSI Reference Model for short) is a layered, abstract description for communications and computer network protocol design.

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Layer 1: Physical Layer

Defines all the electrical and physical specifications for devices including layout of pins, voltages, and cable specifications. Hubs, repeaters, network adapters and Host Bus Adapters (HBAs used in Storage Area Networks) are physical-layer devices. Ethernet incorporates both this layer and the data-link layer (Layer 2). The same applies to other local-area networks, such as Token ring, FDDI, and IEEE 802.11.The major functions and services performed by the physical layer are:

• Establish/terminate a connection• Contention resolution and flow control• Modulation, or conversion between the representation of digital data in user equipment and the corresponding signals transmitted over a communications channel. These are signals operating over the physical cabling—copper and fiber optic, for example—or over a radio link.

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Transfers data between network entities and to detect and possibly correct errors that may occur in the Physical Layer. The addressing scheme is physical which means that the addresses are hard-coded into the network cards at the time of manufacture. The addressing scheme is flat.

Examples are Ethernet, HDLC and ADCCP for point-to-point or packet-switched networks and Aloha for local area networks. On IEEE 802 local area networks, and some non-IEEE 802 networks such as FDDI, this layer may be split into a Media Access Control (MAC) layer and the IEEE 802.2 Logical Link Control (LLC) layer.

This is the layer at which the bridges and switches operate. Connectivity is provided only among locally attached network nodes.

Layer 2: Data Link Layer

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Layer 3: Network Layer

Provides the functional and procedural means of transferring variable length data sequences from a source to a destination via one or more networks while maintaining the quality of service requested by the Transport Layer. The Network layer performs network routing, flow control, segmentation/de-segmentation, and error control functions. Routers operate at this layer—sending data throughout the extended network and making the Internet possible (there also exist layer 3 (or IP) switches). This is a logical addressing scheme – values are chosen by the network engineer. The addressing scheme is hierarchical. The best known example of a layer 3 protocol is the Internet Protocol (IP).

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Layer 4: Transport Layer

Provides transparent transfer of data between end users, thus relieving the upper layers from any concern while providing reliable and cost-effective data transfer. The transport layer controls the reliability of a given link. Some protocols are state and connection oriented. This means that the transport layer can keep track of the packets and retransmit those that fail. The best known example of a layer 4 protocol is the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). It is the layer that converts messages into TCP, User Datagram Protocol (UDP), Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP), etc. packets.

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Layer 5: Session Layer

Controls the dialogues (sessions) between computers. It establishes, manages and terminates the connections between the local and remote application. It provides for either duplex or half-duplex operation and establishes check-pointing, adjournment, termination, and restart procedures. The OSI model made this layer responsible for "graceful close" of sessions, which is a property of TCP, and also for session check-pointing and recovery, which is not usually used in the Internet protocol suite.

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Layer 6: Presentation Layer

Transforms data to provide a standard interface for the Application layer. MIME encoding, data compression, data encryption and similar manipulation of the presentation is done at this layer to present the data as a service or protocol developer sees fit. Examples: converting an EBCDIC-coded text file to an ASCII-coded file, or serializing objects and other data structures into and out of XML.

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Layer 7: Application Layer

Provides a means for the user to access information on the network through an application. This layer is the main interface for the user(s) to interact with the application and therefore the network. Some examples of application layer protocols include Telnet, File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) and Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).

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Towards a Real-time Infra-structure:

Better Data – Better Decisions

Improved Process Visibility

Improved Process Efficiency

Sense-and-respond (respond to actual demand rather than forecasted demand)

But for this to take place, we need to integrate more than just the production.

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Integration Requires:

Communication

and

Coordination

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Heterogeneity

- Conceptual

- Linguistic

- Technological

Volume

Access

Challenges to Information Based Integration

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Heterogeneity

Solutions:

- Monolithic Business Application Framework

- Open Standards/Architecture

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Enterprise Resource Planning Systems

ERP systems integrate information systems requirements of an organization. ERP systems usually use a single, unified database as the backbone to store data for the various system modules.

Manufacturing: Engineering, Bills of Material, Scheduling, Capacity Planning, Workflow Management, Quality Control, Cost Management, Manufacturing Process, Manufacturing Projects, Flow Optimization, Forecasting

Supply Chain Management: Inventory, Order Entry, Purchasing, Product Configuration, Supply Chain Planning, Supplier Scheduling

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Financials: General Ledger, Cash Management, Accounts Payable, Accounts Receivable, Fixed Assets Projects: Costing, Billing, Time and Expense, Activity Management Human Resources: Resources, Payroll, Training, Time & Attendance, Benefits Customer Relationship Management: Sales and Marketing, Commissions, Service, Customer Contact and Call Center support

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Advantages:

Enables Integrated design (Process efficiency)

Integration from customer requirement through to need fulfillment

Full revenue cycle management

Integrated and context based logistics management

Integrated accounting and control

Relatively secure

One “language”, One system, One vendor

Potential for:

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Disadvantages:

Expensive to acquire – Cost structures sometimes unrelated to business size.

Difficult to properly fit into the needs/philosophy of the organization. Limited and difficult customization.

Re-engineering of business processes to fit the “philosophy" (Usually a discrete manufacturing view of the world) prescribed by the ERP system may lead to a loss of competitive advantage.

Difficult/Complex to implement

As good as the weakest link

Lock-in issues. Once committed to a technology/vendor, almost impossible to switch

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Disadvantages:By blurring lines of responsibility, can cause problems with accountability, efficiency, and transparency.

Off-the-rack suit, may or may not fit your body, your style, or your budget

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Some ERP Providers and Products

SAP AG: World’s third largest software company headquartered in Walldorf Germany. Almost exclusively specializes in ERP solutions.

Products:

SAP R/3

mySAP All-in-one

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Oracle Corporation: World’s leading vendor of database management systems. Also develops and sells ERP and associated systems that rely heavily on database technologies.

Products:

Peoplesoft

Oracle e-Business Suite

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Microsoft Corporation: World’s largest software manufacturer with a wide array of products including ERP.

Product:

Microsoft Dynamics

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Some other providers:

SSA ERP LN by SSA Global Technologies

NetERP by NetSuite Inc.

Sage MAS 500 – by The Sage Group

SYSPRO by Syspro Inc.

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Examples:

Hospital

Auto-manufacturer

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Some Technical Issues with ERPProblems of Integration with legacy systems

Problems of fit and integration into existing business processes

Unit rather than service orientation

Not all components of a single ERP package are at the same level of utility

Difficult to integrate with supplier systems if not the same ERP

An open-architecture service-oriented solution is needed

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Open-ArchitectureOpen architecture refers to use of open-standard hardware and software to construct information systems. Open standard refers to products that are constructed using protocols and interfaces that are non-proprietary and according to a publicly available and widely adopted definition.

An architecture that enables the creation of information systems that are built by combining loosely coupled and interoperable components

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Service-Oriented Architecture

A style of potentially multi-tier computing that helps share logic and data among multiple applications and usage modes. These usage modes are defined or expressed as “services” and are aligned with the requirements of system users.

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(Open) Service-Oriented Architecture

Essential Principles:

Interoperability

Modularity Granularity

Componentization

Reuse

Service identification

Service Categorization

Compliance to standards (both de facto and actual)

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Encapsulated Loosely Coupled

Contract-based

Abstract Autonomous

State-less

Composible (Granular)

(Open) Service-Oriented Architecture

Architectural Principles:

Services are:

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Advantages

1. Macro (service) level Reuse

2. Possible legacy system integration

3. Third party systems (e.g. suppliers) integration

4. Does not lock-in the user

5. Cost of acquisition

6. Tailorable (the user chooses the best product for the service)

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Disadvantages

1. Needs know-how and coordination to install and integrate

2. Lots of tailoring effort required

3. Support issues – Passing the buck

4. Tuning issues – Efficiency (component architecture mismatch)

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Volume

Data Storage

Data Transfer

Data Manipulation

Development

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Kilobyte (KB) 210 103 Three pages typical manuscript

Megabyte (MB) 220 106 War and Peace

Gigabyte (GB) 230 109 A small library (1000 books)

Terabyte (TB) 240 1012 A major university library

Petabyte (PB) 250 1015 All books ever written in the world

Exabyte (EB) 260 1018 All written words ever

Zettabyte (ZB) 270 1021 ?

Data Storage/Transfer

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iPod 10 MB per minute

SETI 1.8 GB per minute

Internet 1.5 TB per minute

Next time your bank say that they hold and manage over 2 terabytes of data, ….. Have respect


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Typical lap-top hard-disk 40-100 Gigabytes

National Bank Database 1-2 Terabytes

All databases in NYC 3-5 Pentabytes

All data in electronic form 5 Exabytes

Domestic Cable BB ~200 KB per second

Wi-Fi network ~1.4 – 2.5 MB per second

T3 ~5 MB per second

OC3 ~20 MB per second

OC768 ~5 GB per second

Intercontinental FO trunk ~50-100 GB per second


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Data Manipulation

Moving from database querying to :

- Data mining

- Graphical data (e.g. Geographical)

- Voice data

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Development

Volume of work!!!

Despite common belief there is a severe shortage of SE/IS/IT staff world-wide.

- Open-sourcing

- Out-sourcing

- Off-shoring

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Access

Availability

Security

- Data

- Communication

- Service

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EXERCISE:

What ERP components would you implement and why?

Lecture 6 MGMT 6180 - © 2012 Houman Younessi Understanding the Technological Infrastructure (Part...

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