Writing and Study Skills Clinic Better Expression through Punctuation I: Commas versus Periods.
Lecture 6 Chapter Part 2 +3 Using Commas Commas -, A comma is a punctuation mark It tells us to take...
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Transcript of Lecture 6 Chapter Part 2 +3 Using Commas Commas -, A comma is a punctuation mark It tells us to take...
Lecture 6
• Chapter
• Part 2 +3
Using Commas
Commas - ,• A comma is a punctuation mark• It tells us to take a brief pause
when we are reading – not as long as a full stop.
• It is the most common punctuation mark but has to be used carefully.
CommasCommasCommasCommas
How to use themHow to use them
When to Use a Comma
• There are several places we should use a comma in second grade.
1. Use a comma to separate words in a series.
2. Use a comma to separate a city and a state.
3. Use a comma to separate the day and year in a date.
4. Use a comma after the greeting and closing in a friendly letter.
Commas in a Series
• When you have three or more words in a series, use a comma to separate the items. These can be nouns, verbs, or adjectives.
I need milk, bread, and butter from the store.
Those cookies are delicious, delightful, and delectable.
Will you help me wash the dishes, dust the furniture, and vacuum the living room.
Changing meaning 2• The old lady collected all sorts of things:
silver, paper, hats, clocks and tablecloths.• The old lady collected all sorts of things:
silver paper, hats, clocks and tablecloths.• The old lady collected all sorts of things:
silver, paper hats, clocks and tablecloths.
Cities and States
• Use a comma to separate the city and the state.
• Medina, Tennessee
• Orlando, Florida
• Honolulu, Hawaii
• Los Angeles, California
Commas in a Date
• Use a comma to separate the day and the year in a date.
• February 19, 2002
• August 9, 1999
• November 11, 1971
Commas in a Friendly Letter
• A comma should follow the greeting.
Dear Mr. Hays,
• End the closing of a letter with a comma.
Your friend,
Love,
After a time expression
Yesterday morning ,
First ,
After that ,
• Then ( do not use comma )
• Commas are used to break up longer sentences into smaller parts to make more sense.– He walked all the way home, and he
shut the door.– She called as loudly as she could, but
no-one could hear her.
"He hit the ball well, but he ran toward third base."
Adding information• Paul Mann, our star player, broke
his leg in the match on Saturday.• Paul Mann broke his leg in the
match on Saturday.• The man, who was wearing a blue
hat, slid silently into the room.• The man slid silently into the room.
Other Uses• To break up groups of numbers
into thousands.– 1,999,999
• When writing a date.– February 14th, 1990
• Inside speech marks.– “We are leaving tomorrow,” said Fred.
Summary - Commas• Show a brief pause within a sentence• Separate items in a list• Separate additional information• Break up longer sentences into
smaller parts• Break up numbers into thousands• Inside speech marks.
Usage 1 .Use the Past Simple to express an action that started
and finished at a specific time in the past. Sometimes,
the speaker may not actually mention the specific
time, but they do have one specific time in mind.
Examples: I saw a movie yesterday.
Last year, I traveled to Japan.
Did you have dinner last night?
She washed her car two hours ago.
2 .We use the Simple Past to list a series of
completed actions in the past. These actions happen
1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so on. Examples:
I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to
swim.
He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at
9:00, and met the others at 10:00.
Did you add flour, pour in the milk, and then add the eggs?
3.The Simple Past can be used with a duration which
starts and stops in the past. A duration is a longer
action often indicated by expressions such as: for
two years, for five minutes, all day, all year, etc.
Examples: I lived in Brazil for two years.
Ruti studied Japanese for five years.
They sat at the beach all day.
They did not stay at the party the entire time.
We talked on the phone for thirty minutes.
4.The Simple Past can also be used to describe a
habit which stopped in the past. It can have the same
meaning as “used to.” To make it clear that we are
talking about a habit, we often add expressions such
as: always, often, usually, never, when I was a child,
when I was younger, etc .
Examples: I studied French when I was a child.
She worked at the movie theater after school.
5. The Simple Past can also be used to describe past
facts or generalizations which are no longer true. As
in USE 4 above, this use of the Simple Past is quite
similar to the expression “used to."
Examples: She was shy as a child, but now she is very outgoing.
He didn't like tomatoes before.
Did you live in Texas when you were a kid?
People paid much more to make cell phone calls in the past.
Time Expressions
Form: Verb “to be”
Negative Form: Verb ‘to be’
Questions with Verb “to be”
Yes / No Question
Wh – Non- Subject Question
Wh- Subject Question
Was
Were
I, she, he, itwe, you,
they
Rest of the sentence?
Rest of the sentence?
Who/What was Rest of the sentence?
Wh - word was
were
I, she, he, itwe, you,
they
Rest of the sentence?
The past simple tense of the most The past simple tense of the most English verbs is formed by adding "English verbs is formed by adding "-ed-ed“ “ to their base form. to their base form.
REGULAR VERBSREGULAR VERBS
AffirmativeAffirmativeI played You played He played She played It played
We played You played
They played
AffirmativeAffirmativeI played You played He played She played It played
We played You played
They played
NegativeNegativeI did not play / I didn ’t play You did not play / you didn ’t
play He did not play / he didn ’t play
She did not play / she didn ’t play
It did not play / it didn ’t play We did not play / we didn ’t play You did not play / you didn ’t play
They did not play / they didn ’t play
NegativeNegativeI did not play / I didn ’t play You did not play / you didn ’t
play He did not play / he didn ’t play
She did not play / she didn ’t play
It did not play / it didn ’t play We did not play / we didn ’t play You did not play / you didn ’t play
They did not play / they didn ’t play
InterrogativInterrogativee
Did I play Did you
play Did he playDid she playDid it play Did we playDid you play
Did they play
Past Simple: Regular Verbs
The Past Simple tense of the most English
verbs (regular verbs) is formed by adding "-
ed"/"-d" to their base form. (If the verb ends
in "-e", we add "-d" to form the past simple)
Examples:
We arrived at 9:00 o'clock.
My brother lived in London four years ago.
When she was young, she danced beautifully.
Spelling RulesVerbs ending in –e: We only add a –d. LIVE- LIVED..
If a regular verb ends in consonant + y change y to i and add -ed: carry - carried, study - studied, fry - fried, try - tried
If a one syllable regular verb ends in consonant + vowel + consonant double the final consonant and add -ed -- > stop - stopped, plan - planned, rob - robbed, beg - begged
Irregular Verbs There are also some verbs called irregular verbs that
have special past tense forms.
See list of irregular verbs
We went (go) to school yesterday.
The children read (read) that story last year.
Tamar wrote (write) the letter to her friend on Sunday.
The students forgot (forget) to do the homework.
Negative Form Negatives in the Simple Past are formed by
adding didn't (informal) or did not (formal) before
the simple form of the verb.
The girl didn’t come to school yesterday.
The parents didn’t work on Sunday.
The baby didn’t drink milk in the morning.
Subject did not V1Rest of the sentence
Questions Yes / No Question
Did Nevo see his grandparents yesterday?Wh – Non – Subject Question
Where did you spend your holidays?Wh – Subject Question
Who wrote this beautiful poem?
Did
Who / What
Wh - word
Rest of the sentenceV1Subject ?
Subject V1Rest of the sentence ?
V2Rest of the sentence ?
did
REST OF IRREGULAR VERBS:REST OF IRREGULAR VERBS:
IRREGULAR VERBSIRREGULAR VERBS
All 3 forms are similarAll 3 forms are similarinfinitivinfinitiv
eesimple simple pastpast
past past participleparticiple
costcost costcost costcostcutcut cutcut cutcuthithit hithit hithit
hurthurt hurthurt hurthurtletlet letlet letletputput putput putputreadread readread readread
All 3 forms are differentAll 3 forms are differentinfinitivinfinitiv
eesimple simple pastpast
past past participleparticiple
beginbegin beganbegan begunbegundodo diddid donedoneeateat ateate eateneaten
knowknow knewknew knownknown
IRREGULAR VERBSIRREGULAR VERBSInfinitive and past participle are Infinitive and past participle are
similarsimilarinfinitivinfinitiv
eesimple simple pastpast past participlepast participle
comecome camecame comecomerunrun ranran runrun
becomebecome becamebecame becomebecomeSimple past and past participle are similarSimple past and past participle are similar
infinitiveinfinitive simple pastsimple past past participlepast participlebringbring broughtbrought broughtbroughtbuildbuild builtbuilt builtbuiltbuybuy boughtbought boughtbought
catchcatch caughtcaught caughtcaughtfindfind foundfound foundfoundgetget gotgot gotgot
makemake mademade mademade
The difference between the paragraph and the essay
Essay Topics
1-who was the most influential person in your life? How did this person make you want to become better ?
2-Modern technology .
3-learning a new language
You have to write an assay
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ( 10 sentences for the body )
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ( 3 sentences for the introduction)
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ( 3 sentences for the conclusion)