Lecture 5 Physical Changes 1. Appearance and Mobility –Psychological Implications 2. Sensory...
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Transcript of Lecture 5 Physical Changes 1. Appearance and Mobility –Psychological Implications 2. Sensory...
Lecture 5Physical Changes
1. Appearance and Mobility– Psychological Implications
2. Sensory Systems– Psychological Implications
3. Nervous System– Psychological Implications
4. Myth Busting: Facts on Aging Revisited
Lecture 5Physical Changes
1. Appearance and Mobility– Psychological Implications
2. Sensory Systems– Psychological Implications
3. Nervous System– Psychological Implications
4. Myth Busting: Facts on Aging Revisited
Appearance:Appearance:Age Changes in the SkinAge Changes in the Skin
•Loss of elasticityLoss of elasticity•DiscolorationDiscoloration•Surface damageSurface damage•Lessened sweat and oil gland productionLessened sweat and oil gland production•Loss of subcutaneous fatLoss of subcutaneous fat
The Skin:The Skin:
Accelerated by photoaging.May be offset by certain treatments.
Accelerated by photoaging.May be offset by certain treatments.
The Hair:The Hair:
Appearance:Appearance:Age Changes in the HairAge Changes in the Hair
•Graying from cessation of pigmentationGraying from cessation of pigmentation
•Loss from destruction of germination centersLoss from destruction of germination centers No known preventionNo known prevention
The Voice:The Voice:
Appearance:Appearance:Age Changes in the VoiceAge Changes in the Voice
•Voice is thinner and weakerVoice is thinner and weaker•lower pitchlower pitch•increased breathlessnessincreased breathlessness•trembling (vocal jitter)trembling (vocal jitter)•slowerslower•less pronunciationless pronunciation•decreased volumedecreased volume
HeightHeight
Appearance:Appearance:Age Changes in Body BuildAge Changes in Body Build
•Loss of height due to shrinking of vertebraeLoss of height due to shrinking of vertebrae•Weight gain then lossWeight gain then loss•Redistribution of body fatRedistribution of body fat
Shrinking of vertebrae
Exercise can prevent or minimize
Exercise can prevent or minimize
SarcopeniaSarcopenia
Mobility:Mobility:MusclesMuscles
•Loss of muscle massLoss of muscle mass
• after 40s/50s loss of 12-15% strength after 40s/50s loss of 12-15% strength per decadeper decade
Exercise can prevent or minimize
Exercise can prevent or minimize
Loss of Bone StrengthLoss of Bone Strength•Due to relative increase in bone Due to relative increase in bone destruction compared to growth of destruction compared to growth of tissuetissue
•Because of decrease in bone mineral Because of decrease in bone mineral content of 5-12% per decade from content of 5-12% per decade from 20s-90s20s-90s
Exercise, diet, no smoking can prevent or minimize
Exercise, diet, no smoking can prevent or minimize
Mobility:Mobility:BonesBones
•Increasing age in womenIncreasing age in women•Alcohol and cigarettesAlcohol and cigarettes
Normal bone
Osteoporotic bone
Risk FactorsRisk Factors
Prevention:Prevention:•CalciumCalcium•Vitamin DVitamin D•Exercise and physical activityExercise and physical activity
OsteoporosisOsteoporosis
Loss of cartilageLoss of cartilage•Deleterious changes in Deleterious changes in every component of jointevery component of joint•Damage is cumulative over Damage is cumulative over timetime
Flexibility training
Avoid damage
Flexibility training
Avoid damage
Mobility:Mobility:JointsJoints
OsteoarthritisOsteoarthritis
ArthritisArthritis
•Degenerative joint Degenerative joint diseasedisease•Develops in joints Develops in joints damaged through damaged through overuseoveruse
Rheumatoid ArthritisRheumatoid Arthritis•Inflammatory diseaseInflammatory disease•Due to autoimmune disorderDue to autoimmune disorder•Symmetrical patternSymmetrical pattern•Highest in women and Highest in women and certain Native American certain Native American tribestribes
ArthritisArthritis
Psychological Implications
Looking and bodily “feeling” old
Identity (self concept)
Identity (viewed by others-ageism)
Independence (daily living)
Prompt: Age-related control behaviors (+/-)
Prompt: Ergonomic design issues
Lecture 5Physical Changes
1. Appearance and Mobility– Psychological Implications
2. Sensory Systems– Psychological Implications
3. Nervous System– Psychological Implications
4. Myth Busting: Facts on Aging Revisited
Vision ChangesVision Changes
• Due to structural changes– older need more light– increased sensitivity to glare– dark and light adaptation takes longer– poorer colour discrimination for short wave
lengths– focussing near-far and far-near takes longer
» presbyopia
The eye
Stiffening and thickening of the lens
PresbyopiaPresbyopiaPresbyopiaPresbyopia =inability to accommodate
Distant object
Normal accommodation, which is lost in presbyopia
Near object
VisionVision
•Cause scattering of light raysCause scattering of light rays
•Can interfere with color visionCan interfere with color vision
•Cause limitations in daily activitiesCause limitations in daily activities
Possible causes:Possible causes:HeredityHeredityPrior injuryPrior injuryDiseaseDiseaseSunlightSunlightSmokingSmoking
Surgery is Surgery is highly highly effective in effective in treatmenttreatment
Surgery is Surgery is highly highly effective in effective in treatmenttreatment
Vision (abnormal changes)Vision (abnormal changes)
CataractsCataracts
GlaucomaGlaucomaGlaucomaGlaucoma
•Build up of pressure inside the eyeBuild up of pressure inside the eye
•Often involves gradual onsetOften involves gradual onset
•Treatment not always possibleTreatment not always possible
Group of conditions involving damage of optic nerve
Group of conditions involving damage of optic nerve
Vision (abnormal)Vision (abnormal)
Vision ChangesVision Changes
• Due to changes in the retina– decrease in visual acuity (in combination with
structural changes) – increased chance of macular degeneration
(abnormal)– diabetic retinopathy (abnormal)
PresbycusisPresbycusisPresbycusisPresbycusis =inability to hear high-pitched tones
Changes in cochlea
Other forms of hearing loss:Other forms of hearing loss:Conductive hearing lossConductive hearing lossTinnitusTinnitus
Changes in Hearing with Age (normal?)Changes in Hearing with Age (normal?)Changes in Hearing with Age (normal?)Changes in Hearing with Age (normal?)
HearingHearing
Impact for Speech UnderstandingImpact for Speech Understanding
• Some speech sounds will be harder to distinguish
• Some populations will be harder to understand
SomesthesiaSomesthesia
Age changesAge changes
Touch: declines in ability to discriminate touch
Pain: inconclusive findings
Positioning: declines in perception of position of the feet and legs
Changes in vestibular system
Changes in vestibular system
Mobility problemsMobility problems
Increased risk of falling:Increased risk of falling:Increased risk of falling:Increased risk of falling:
•DizzinessDizziness
•VertigoVertigo
•Muscle weaknessMuscle weakness
•Joint stiffnessJoint stiffness
•Loss of bone densityLoss of bone density
Vestibular system
BalanceBalance
Losses in smell and taste sensitivity Losses in smell and taste sensitivity Losses in smell and taste sensitivity Losses in smell and taste sensitivity
But could be due toBut could be due to
•Disease and infectionsDisease and infections
•Exposure to harmful chemicalsExposure to harmful chemicals
•Tobacco smokeTobacco smoke
•Head injuryHead injury
•DenturesDentures
Smell and TasteSmell and Taste
Psychological Implications
Changes in Sensation and Perception
Identity (self concept)
Identity (viewed by others-ageism)
Independence (daily living)
Prompt: Age-related control behaviors (+/-)
Prompt: Ergonomic design issues
Lecture 5Physical Changes
1. Appearance and Mobility– Psychological Implications
2. Sensory Systems– Psychological Implications
3. Nervous System– Psychological Implications
4. Myth Busting: Facts on Aging Revisited
Nervous System
1. Central Nervous System
neuronal change
2. Autonomic Nervous System
sleep
regulation of body temperature
Nervous System:Nervous System:Central Nervous SystemCentral Nervous System
vs.vs.vs.vs.NeuronalNeuronalFalloutFallout
NeuronalNeuronalFalloutFallout
PlasticityPlasticityPlasticityPlasticity
Neurons are Neurons are progressively progressively lostlost
Neurons grow Neurons grow new synapsesnew synapses throughout lifethroughout life
The Brain The Neuron
Models of the Aging Nervous SystemModels of the Aging Nervous System
•6-8% atrophy per year 6-8% atrophy per year
Health statusHealth statusGenderGenderArea of brain AND genderArea of brain AND gender
Variations by: Variations by:
•Most consistent Most consistent findings observed for:findings observed for:
Frontal lobes
MRIHippocampus
Nervous System:Nervous System:Central Nervous SystemCentral Nervous System
Brain Imaging StudiesBrain Imaging Studies
•Younger use frontal Younger use frontal lobes more efficientlylobes more efficiently•However, older use However, older use alternate brain circuits alternate brain circuits to compensateto compensate
MRIPET
Nervous System:Nervous System:Central Nervous SystemCentral Nervous System
Brain Imaging StudiesBrain Imaging Studies
Changes in Sleep Patterns in Older Adults:Changes in Sleep Patterns in Older Adults:
More time in More time in bed relative to bed relative to time asleeptime asleep
More time in More time in bed relative to bed relative to time asleeptime asleep
•Take longer to fall asleepTake longer to fall asleep•Awaken more oftenAwaken more often•Lie in bed longer in a.m.Lie in bed longer in a.m.
Sleep is less Sleep is less efficientefficientSleep is less Sleep is less efficientefficient •Sleep is shallowerSleep is shallower
•Sleep is more fragmentedSleep is more fragmented
Nervous System:Nervous System:SleepSleep
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
College 65+
Morning
Evening
Older adult more likely to be “morning person.”Older adult more likely to be “morning person.”Older adult more likely to be “morning person.”Older adult more likely to be “morning person.”
Changes in Circadian RhythmsChanges in Circadian Rhythms
Nervous System:Nervous System:SleepSleep
DysthermiaDysthermiaDysthermiaDysthermia
•Body fatBody fat
•GenderGender
•Physical fitnessPhysical fitness
•Chronic medical Chronic medical conditionsconditions
•MedicationsMedications
Abnormalities in bodily reaction to extreme heat and cold
Abnormalities in bodily reaction to extreme heat and cold
Related to ageRelated to ageRelated to ageRelated to age
OR.....????OR.....????
Nervous System:Nervous System:Temperature ControlTemperature Control
Psychological Implications
Changes in sleep and temperature control
Prompt: Age-related control behaviors (+/-)
Prompt: Ergonomic design issues
Lecture 5Physical Changes
1. Appearance and Mobility– Psychological Implications
2. Sensory Systems– Psychological Implications
3. Nervous System– Psychological Implications
4. Myth Busting: Facts on Aging Revisited
Myth Busting: Facts on Aging Revisited
• #2 The five senses (sight, hearing, taste, touch, and smell) all tend to weaken in old age.
– TRUE