LECTURE 4.1LECTURE 4.1

LECTURE OUTLINELECTURE OUTLINE

Weekly deadlinesWeekly deadlinesThe Chalcolithic and Bronze AgesThe Chalcolithic and Bronze Ages

WEEKLY DEADLINESWEEKLY DEADLINESName History 2: From the Chalcolithic, through the Iron Age

Lectures Lecture 4.1 The Chalcolithic and Bronze AgesLecture 4.2 The Iron Age and Monumental Building

Required Book Reading 1(For the end-of-UNIT quiz)

Part B:Prologue + Chapter 4 (from UNIT 3)Chapters 5, 6, and 7

Animations Mike Fleck: "MetalWork"BiographiesMineral of the Week

Assignments Due This Week Assignment 3, A Materials Crossword, is due Wednesdaymidnight

Practice Quiz Practice quiz questions are available on ANGEL, in theLesson 04 folders.

End of Unit Quiz Quiz 4 will consist of ~ thirty (30) questions for a total ofseventy (70) points. Quizzes are “individualized”, but withthe questions taken from a large database.

Material covered: Book Reading and Animations

OUTLINEOUTLINE

Natural Resources of EgyptNatural Resources of Egypt The Melting of GoldThe Melting of Gold The Smelting of CopperThe Smelting of Copper The Casting of a Bronze DoorThe Casting of a Bronze Door The Production of “Egyptian” FaienceThe Production of “Egyptian” Faience

NATURAL RESOURCES NATURAL RESOURCES AVAILABLE TO EGYPTAVAILABLE TO EGYPT

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++CopperGoldIronOther resourcesTowns

Copper fromCyprusTin fromAnatoliaWood fromLebanonLapis Lazuli +Turquoise fromAfghanistan

Gold fromNubia

MemphisLimestoneAlabasterAlabasterSandstoneDioriteGraniteThebes

Timna

Figure 5.2. Sketch map of ancient Egypt showing natural resources. In addition to the Sinaitic copper ores from e.g.,Timna, a significant amount of copper was imported from Cyprus. (The Latin name for copper is cuprium; literally, theCypriot Metal. Hence the chemical symbol: Cu). The masonry for e.g., pyramid building (limestone, sandstone andgranite) were all within easy reach of the Nile, as was diorite; a hard volcanic rock, used for hammer stones. Alabasteris a fine-grained gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O), and was used extensively for carving e.g., amphorae, canopic jars, andstatuettes. Sources for the tin would (most likely) include placer deposits in streambeds, and the tin mines in southernAnatolia.

TOMB OF REKHMIRETOMB OF REKHMIRE

MELTING GOLD IN THE OLD MELTING GOLD IN THE OLD KINGDOM. IKINGDOM. I

MELTING GOLD IN THE OLD MELTING GOLD IN THE OLD KINGDOM. IIKINGDOM. II

A GOLDSMITH’S SHOP IN THE A GOLDSMITH’S SHOP IN THE NEW KINGDOM. INEW KINGDOM. I

A GOLDSMITH’S SHOP IN THE A GOLDSMITH’S SHOP IN THE NEW KINGDOM. IINEW KINGDOM. II

THE DIFFUSION OF COPPER METALLURGY THE DIFFUSION OF COPPER METALLURGY THROUGHOUT EUROPE AND THE MIDDLE EASTTHROUGHOUT EUROPE AND THE MIDDLE EAST

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Rio Tinto3000BC2500BC2500BC4000BC3800BC

4000BCVarnaRudnaGlavaCatalHuyukTimna3rd Millenium BC5th Millenium BC4th Millenium BC4th Millenium BC5th Millenium BC

THE DIFFUSION OF COPPER METALLURGY THE DIFFUSION OF COPPER METALLURGY THROUGHOUT EUROPE AND THE MIDDLE EASTTHROUGHOUT EUROPE AND THE MIDDLE EAST

Location Date of Earliest Recorded Copper SmeltingTimna (Sinai Peninsula) ca. 5000BCCatal Huyuk (Anatolia) ca. 3500BCRudna Glava (Yugoslavia) ca. 4000BCVarna (Black Sea) ca. 4500BCRio Tinto (Spain) ca. 3500BC

NATIVE COPPER FROM MICHIGAN’S NATIVE COPPER FROM MICHIGAN’S UPPER PENNINSULAUPPER PENNINSULA

MALACHITE, A GREEN COPPER MALACHITE, A GREEN COPPER CARBONATECARBONATE

COPPER SMELTING AT TIMNA IN THE COPPER SMELTING AT TIMNA IN THE THIRD MILLENNIUM BC. ITHIRD MILLENNIUM BC. I

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Foot BellowsSlag-PitClay Lining Ore +Fuel +FluxSandstoneBlocks Tuyure

SMELTING REACTIONS; SMELTING REACTIONS; COPPERCOPPER

Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 2CuO + CO2+ H2O

Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 3CuO + 2CO2+ H2OCuO + CO Cu + CO2

2Fe2O3 + 2SiO2 2Fe2SiO4 + O2

SMELTING REACTIONS; IRON SMELTING REACTIONS; IRON AND TINAND TIN

Fe2O3 + 3CO 2Fe + 3CO2

SnO2 + 2CO Sn + 2CO2

COPPER SMELTING AT TIMNA IN THE COPPER SMELTING AT TIMNA IN THE THIRD MILLENNIUM BC. IITHIRD MILLENNIUM BC. II

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MoltenCopperMolten Slag

THE PROCESSING OF BRONZE AND THE THE PROCESSING OF BRONZE AND THE CASTING OF A BRONZE DOOR: ICASTING OF A BRONZE DOOR: I

THE PROCESSING OF BRONZE AND THE THE PROCESSING OF BRONZE AND THE CASTING OF A BRONZE DOOR: IICASTING OF A BRONZE DOOR: II

THE PROCESSING OF BRONZE AND THE THE PROCESSING OF BRONZE AND THE CASTING OF A BRONZE DOOR: IIICASTING OF A BRONZE DOOR: III

THE PROCESSING OF BRONZE AND THE THE PROCESSING OF BRONZE AND THE CASTING OF A BRONZE DOOR: IVCASTING OF A BRONZE DOOR: IV

THE EFFECT OF ADDING TIN THE EFFECT OF ADDING TIN TO COPPERTO COPPER

THE HARDNESSES OF TIN AND THE HARDNESSES OF TIN AND ARSENICAL BRONZES IARSENICAL BRONZES I

THE HARDNESSES OF TIN AND THE HARDNESSES OF TIN AND ARSENICAL BRONZES IIARSENICAL BRONZES II

PROCESSING OF “EGYPTIAN PROCESSING OF “EGYPTIAN FAIENCE” IFAIENCE” I

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Silica-Quartz(SiO )2 Mix and Shape with WaterDry/EffloresceFire at ~900-1000˚CLime(CaO)Soda(Na O)21-5%0.3-5%

Figure 5.16. Flow chart for the processing of Egyptian faience. Silica, soda and lime are mixed with water and moldedto the final shape and allowed to dry in the sun. The slow drying process concentrates the soda, lime (and impuritiessuch as copper oxides) in the surface layers. When the faience is fired at a temperature in excess of 800˚C, the soda-lime-rich outer skin melts, and subsequently forms a glassy surface, (glaze) during cooling.

PROCESSING OF “EGYPTIAN PROCESSING OF “EGYPTIAN FAIENCE” IFAIENCE” I

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b)a)Figure 5.17. Sketch maps of the spread in the production of glazed stoneware from 3000BC (Figure 5.17a) to 2000BC(Figure 5.17b). (Adapted from "Technology in the Ancient World". H. Hodges. Barnes and Noble Books. New York,NY. (1970). I am using the term stoneware rather than faience because Hodges also included e.g., glazed soapstone(talc) in his definition of faience. The soapstone statuettes would be dipped in a faience glaze, or placed in a containercontaining a faience glaze.

““EGYPTIAN EGYPTIAN FAIENCE” FAIENCE”