Lecture #4 -Lecture #4 -The Sauk and Fox Indians of The Sauk and Fox Indians of

Wisconsin’s Driftless Area Wisconsin’s Driftless Area (1804-1836)(1804-1836)

Wisconsin Indians After the Wisconsin Indians After the American RevolutionAmerican Revolution

Most tribes were hostile to Americans and American Most tribes were hostile to Americans and American interestsinterestsMost had aided the British and would again in the War of Most had aided the British and would again in the War of 18121812Very few Americans lived or traded in the areaVery few Americans lived or traded in the areaMany French and British traders still roamed and were Many French and British traders still roamed and were hostile to American controlhostile to American controlAmericans began a systematic method of taking lands Americans began a systematic method of taking lands from tribes east of the Mississippi River – the process of from tribes east of the Mississippi River – the process of treaty makingtreaty makingAmericans tricked many tribes into signing treaties that Americans tricked many tribes into signing treaties that gave away their landsgave away their landsThe first treaties decided which tribes owned what – later The first treaties decided which tribes owned what – later treaties signed away those lands to the Americanstreaties signed away those lands to the Americans

Southwest WI Indians – Southwest WI Indians – Sauk and Fox HistorySauk and Fox History

Originally tribes of southern MichiganOriginally tribes of southern MichiganWere forced to move to southwest Were forced to move to southwest Wisconsin in the 17Wisconsin in the 17thth and 18 and 18thth centuries as centuries as a result of conflicts with other tribes after a result of conflicts with other tribes after the Iroquois Warsthe Iroquois WarsOccupied the territory of southwest Occupied the territory of southwest Wisconsin, northwestern Illinois, and Wisconsin, northwestern Illinois, and eastern Iowaeastern Iowa

Southwest Wisconsin Indians - Southwest Wisconsin Indians - Sauk and Fox HistorySauk and Fox History

AgriculturalAgriculturalHuntingHuntingLead MinersLead MinersWarrior cultureWarrior cultureCulture different from that of northern Culture different from that of northern Wisconsin IndiansWisconsin IndiansOpposed to American expansionOpposed to American expansion

Land CessionsLand Cessions

1804 Treaty With Sauk and Fox1804 Treaty With Sauk and Fox– Resulted from Sauk and Fox attack on whites Resulted from Sauk and Fox attack on whites

north of St. Louisnorth of St. Louis– Most of southwest Wisconsin was ceded to Most of southwest Wisconsin was ceded to

the U.S. government under an arrangement the U.S. government under an arrangement made by William Henry Harrison, Governor of made by William Henry Harrison, Governor of Indiana TerritoryIndiana Territory

– Indians could occupy the land until it was Indians could occupy the land until it was needed for settlementneeded for settlement

William Henry HarrisonWilliam Henry Harrison

Negotiated 1804 Land Negotiated 1804 Land Cession with Sauk Cession with Sauk and Fox Indiansand Fox Indians

Black HawkBlack Hawk

Grew in importance as a Sauk leader after Grew in importance as a Sauk leader after the Treaty of 1804the Treaty of 1804Believed the treaty was invalid because Believed the treaty was invalid because most Sauk were not told about the treatymost Sauk were not told about the treatyHelped to form a Sauk/Fox allegiance with Helped to form a Sauk/Fox allegiance with Britain in the War of 1812Britain in the War of 1812Refused to attend treaty meetings with Refused to attend treaty meetings with American representativesAmerican representatives

Black HawkBlack Hawk

As Sauk Brave As Sauk Brave

1804 Sauk/Fox Land Cessions in 1804 Sauk/Fox Land Cessions in Present-day WisconsinPresent-day Wisconsin

Prairie du Chien Treaty of 1825Prairie du Chien Treaty of 1825

Negotiated by William Clark (Supt. of Negotiated by William Clark (Supt. of Indian Affairs) and Lewis Cass (Gov. of Indian Affairs) and Lewis Cass (Gov. of Michigan Territory)Michigan Territory)Goals:Goals:– Define tribal boundariesDefine tribal boundaries– Minimize intertribal warfareMinimize intertribal warfare– *Organize land cessions?*Organize land cessions?

Prairie du Chien Treaty of 1825 Prairie du Chien Treaty of 1825

William ClarkWilliam Clark Lewis CassLewis Cass

Prairie du Chien Treaty of 1825Prairie du Chien Treaty of 1825

Grey GoldGrey Gold

Native Americans were mining lead in Native Americans were mining lead in northern Illinois and southwestern northern Illinois and southwestern Wisconsin before European contactWisconsin before European contactSauk, Fox, and Winnebago tribes used it Sauk, Fox, and Winnebago tribes used it to supplement the fur tradeto supplement the fur tradeBeginning in the early 1820s, a boost in Beginning in the early 1820s, a boost in lead prices brought many miners to the lead prices brought many miners to the regionregion

Early MinersEarly Miners

One of the first to One of the first to arrive was Col. Henry arrive was Col. Henry DodgeDodgeMany came from Many came from MissouriMissouri

Mounting TensionsMounting Tensions

Miners became squatters on Indian lands Miners became squatters on Indian lands according to previous treatiesaccording to previous treatiesU.S. government agreed with Indians that U.S. government agreed with Indians that they owned the land, but decided that it they owned the land, but decided that it would rather negotiate land cessions with would rather negotiate land cessions with the Indians than remove encroaching the Indians than remove encroaching white minerswhite miners

Lead MiningLead Mining

Wisconsin Lead Mining RegionWisconsin Lead Mining Region– http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/reference/http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/reference/

maps/pdf/RM063.pdfmaps/pdf/RM063.pdf

Winnebago War of 1827Winnebago War of 1827Dodge and other miners Dodge and other miners settled on Winnebago settled on Winnebago lands – ignored Indian lands – ignored Indian rightsrightsWinnebago were Winnebago were infuriated by miner infuriated by miner presencepresenceChief Red Bird led an Chief Red Bird led an attack on settlers in attack on settlers in Prairie du ChienPrairie du ChienOther Winnebago Other Winnebago attacked keel boats on attacked keel boats on the Mississippi Riverthe Mississippi RiverSettlers panickedSettlers panicked

Red Bird was captured Red Bird was captured and died in prison at and died in prison at Prairie du ChienPrairie du Chien

1829 Treaty1829 Treaty

Allowed sale of lead region to white Allowed sale of lead region to white settlerssettlersForced final removal of Indians from this Forced final removal of Indians from this region to lands west of the Mississippiregion to lands west of the Mississippi

Sauk and Fox RemovalSauk and Fox RemovalBlack Hawk reluctantly moved west of the Black Hawk reluctantly moved west of the Mississippi with his tribe after the 1829 treaty Mississippi with his tribe after the 1829 treaty and mounting pressure from settlersand mounting pressure from settlersTribal members suffered on their new lands in Tribal members suffered on their new lands in Iowa and were not allowed to visit ancestral Iowa and were not allowed to visit ancestral burial groundsburial groundsBlack Hawk became frustrated and decided to Black Hawk became frustrated and decided to move his people back across the Mississippi move his people back across the Mississippi River into southwest Wisconsin and northwest River into southwest Wisconsin and northwest IllinoisIllinois

The Black Hawk WarThe Black Hawk WarCrossed the Mississippi Crossed the Mississippi River near Rock Island, River near Rock Island, IllinoisIllinoisFollowed Rock River Followed Rock River northnorthWere attacked by local Were attacked by local militia and Black Hawk’s militia and Black Hawk’s men were massacred men were massacred under a white flagunder a white flagBlack Hawk ambushed Black Hawk ambushed them and they fled in them and they fled in panicpanic

The Black Hawk WarThe Black Hawk WarBlack Hawk’s hopes of other tribes helping were Black Hawk’s hopes of other tribes helping were crushed when the Potawatomi and the crushed when the Potawatomi and the Winnebago, who had encouraged him, turned Winnebago, who had encouraged him, turned against himagainst himAt Wisconsin Heights, Sauk warriors held off At Wisconsin Heights, Sauk warriors held off militia while rest of band crossed rivermilitia while rest of band crossed riverAt Battle of Bad Axe, Black Hawk’s band was At Battle of Bad Axe, Black Hawk’s band was massacredmassacredOf the nearly 1,000 people who followed Black Of the nearly 1,000 people who followed Black Hawk, only about 150 made it back to Keokuk’s Hawk, only about 150 made it back to Keokuk’s people in Iowapeople in Iowa

Post Black Hawk WarPost Black Hawk War

Black Hawk escaped Black Hawk escaped the massacre at Bad the massacre at Bad Axe Axe Winnebago turned Winnebago turned him over to American him over to American authoritiesauthoritiesWas treated as a hero Was treated as a hero by some and became by some and became a cultural icon in a cultural icon in American societyAmerican society

Important Outcomes of the Black Important Outcomes of the Black Hawk WarHawk War

Showed the will of settlers to take lands Showed the will of settlers to take lands held by Indian tribesheld by Indian tribesDiscouraged other Wisconsin tribes from Discouraged other Wisconsin tribes from further uprisingsfurther uprisings

SourcesSourcesNesbit, Robert C. Nesbit, Robert C. Wisconsin a historyWisconsin a history. Madison, WI. University of . Madison, WI. University of Wisconsin Press, c1989. Wisconsin Press, c1989. Bieder, Robert E. Bieder, Robert E. Native American Communities in Wisconsin 1600-1960Native American Communities in Wisconsin 1600-1960. . Madison, WI. University of Wisconsin Press, c1995.Madison, WI. University of Wisconsin Press, c1995.Smith, Alice E. Smith, Alice E. The History of Wisconsin From Exploration to Statehood, The History of Wisconsin From Exploration to Statehood, Volume IVolume I. Madison, WI. The State Historical Society of Wisconsin, c1973.. Madison, WI. The State Historical Society of Wisconsin, c1973.The Wisconsin Cartographer’s Guild. The Wisconsin Cartographer’s Guild. Wisconsin’s Past and Present – A Wisconsin’s Past and Present – A Historical AtlasHistorical Atlas. Madison, WI. University of Wisconsin Press, c1998. . Madison, WI. University of Wisconsin Press, c1998. Prucha, Francis Paul. Prucha, Francis Paul. Documents of United States Indian Policy, Third Documents of United States Indian Policy, Third EditionEdition. Lincoln, NE. University of Nebraska Press, c2000.. Lincoln, NE. University of Nebraska Press, c2000.http://www.wisconsinhistory.orghttp://www.wisconsinhistory.orghttp://www.galafilm.com/chiefs/htmlen/sauk/ev_greygold.htmlhttp://www.galafilm.com/chiefs/htmlen/sauk/ev_greygold.htmlhttp://www.galafilm.com/chiefs/htmlen/sauk/ev_treaties.htmlhttp://www.galafilm.com/chiefs/htmlen/sauk/ev_treaties.htmlhttp://www.galafilm.com/chiefs/htmlen/sauk/ev_wisconsin.htmlhttp://www.galafilm.com/chiefs/htmlen/sauk/ev_wisconsin.htmlhttp://www.google.com/imghp?hl=en&tab=wi&q=http://www.google.com/imghp?hl=en&tab=wi&q=