Lecture 4-Sentence Patterns

UNDERSTANDING BAHASA

INDONESIA AND ENGLISH

SENTENCE PATTERNS

Rida Wahyuningrum English Department

Wijaya Kusuma University, Surabaya

By the end of this lecture, you will be able to answer questions about:

1. Components that build up a sentence in English

2. Components that build up a sentence in Bahasa Indonesia

3. Common errors found in writing sentences in Bahasa Indonesia



THE ENGLISH SENTENCE CONSTRUCTION



English sentences have two basic components: a subject and a predicate

SUBJECT PREDICATE

Winters in Maine can be extremely difficult.

Temperatures frequently drop below zero.

Heavy snowfalls make travel risky.

Being self-reliant and resourceful

helps a person to survive through the winter.



ENGLISH SENTENCE

In its simplest form, an English sentence has two parts: a subject and a verb that express a complete

thought when they are together.

A COMPLETE THOUGHTSubject Verb



SUBJECT

The subject is sometimes called the naming part of a sentence or clause. The subject usually appears beforethe predicate to show (a) what the sentence is about, or (b) who or what performs the action.

SUBJECT

The subject is commonlya) a nounb) a pronounc) a noun phrased) compound subjecte) a noun clause



VERB

The verb shows the action or the state of being



VERB VERB PHRASE

Auxiliary Verb

Main Verb

Functioning as Adverb or Adjective

I must make an ‘A’ in this class.

We grew apart after high school.

Running on the wet floor, she slipped and broke her arm.Finally, I have saved enough to buy a car.

COMPLEMENTS OF ACTIVITY VERBS



COMPLEMENTS OF LINKING VERBS



SENTENCE

SIMPLE COMPOUND COMPLEX

SUBJECT

AND

PREDICATE

SUBJECT

AND

VERB

S + V

SENTENCE

SIMPLE COMPOUND COMPLEXCOMPOUND-

COMPLEX

S + V (+ Clause) +

coordinate conjunction +

(S + V)

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE, NOUN

CLAUSE, OR ADVERB CLAUSE

(S + V)

coordinate

conjunction

(S + V)

(S + V)

subordinate

conjunction

(S + V)

Main Clause

+

Sub Clause

(S + V)

containing

clauses

S + V

SIMPLE SENTENCE

Mr. Potato Head eats monkeys.

I refuse.



COMPOUND SENTENCE

Mr. Potato Head eats them for breakfast every day, but I don’t see the attraction.

Eating them makes him happy; however, he can’t persuade me.

COMPLEX SENTENCE

He recommends them highly because they taste like chicken when they are hot.

Although chicken always appeals to me, I still feel skeptical about monkey.

Mrs. Potato Head, because she loves us so much, has offered to make her special monkey soufflé for us.

She can cook it however she wants.

Although I am curious, I am still skeptical.

COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCE

Mr. Potato Head said that he would share the secret recipe; however, if he does, Mrs. Potato Head will feed him to the piranhas, so we are both safer and happier if I don’t eat monkeys or steal recipes.

The man looked angry few minutes ago.

The man with a scar on his face looked angry few minutes ago.

ADJECTIVE AND PHRASE



The man is calm now.

The man with a scar on his face is calm indeed now.




The man is in his office.

The man with a scar on his face is in his ofice near the park.




The girl understood my instruction easily.

The pretty girl in the red sweater understood my instruction about how to set the table without dificulty.


The girl cried loudly.

The small girl in the back of the room cried loudly.




The insect, a cockroach, is crawling across the kitchen table.

During the dinner conversation, Clifford, the messiest eater at the table, spewed mashed potatoes like an erupting volcano.

An appositive is a noun or noun phrase that renames another noun right beside it.

APPOSITIVE PHRASE

The building looked empty last night.

The building that sits across from the park looked empty when we drove past it.

CLAUSES



The building is a museum now.

The building that used to belong to the Briggs family has been a museum since Mr. Briggs died in 1986.

CLAUSES



The building is on Fifth Avenue.

The building which contains the legislative offices is on Fifth Avenue because the senators need to be able to walk to the State Building across the street.

CLAUSES



The child cried loudly.

The child who was sitting in the back of the room cried loudly so that the teacher could hear him.

CLAUSES



The child understood my question easily.

The child who was wearing the red sweater understood my question easily although it was very difficult.

CLAUSES



Javier and his colleagues collaborated on the research article.

COMPOUND SUBJECT



Javier conducted the experiment and documented the results.

COMPOUND VERBS



Javier, his colleagues, and their advisor drafted and revised the article several times.

COMPOUND SUBJECT AND VERB



THE SENTENCE CONSTRUCTION OF

BAHASA INDONESIA



SIMPLE SENTENCE (Kalimat Tunggal)

COMPOUND SENTENCE (Kalimat Majemuk)

PREDICATE

Nouns/Noun Phrase (nomina/frasa nomina)

Verbs/Verb Phrase (verba/frasa verba)Adjectives/Adjective Phrase (Ajektiva/frasa ajektiva)

Other categories (kategori lain)

COMPUND SENTENCEKalimat Majemuk Setara

COMPLEX SENTENCEKalimat Majemuk Bertingkat

DECLARATIVE SENTENCE(KALIMAT BERITA)

INTEROGATIVE SENTENCE(KALIMAT TANYA)

IMPERATIVE SENTENCE(KALIMAT PERINTAH)

EXCLAMATORY SENTENCE(KALIMAT SERU)

In Bahasa Indonesia, sentence construction refers to several types which are based on either form or meaning.

FORM MEANING

COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCE

Kalimat Majemuk Campuran

The following is the examples of simple sentence (kalimat tunggal) with its various kinds of predicates.

SUBJECT PREDICATE

Bapak menulis.

Wanita itu cantik.

Rumahnya di atas gunung.

Ia dokter.

Ayamnya lima ekor.



The following is the examples of compound sentence (kalimat majemuk setara)

S + P CONJUNCTION S + P

Sisca anak yang baik

lagi pula ia sangat pandai.

Bapak minum teh atau Bapak makan nasi.

Dia sangat rajin, tetapi adiknya sangat pemalas.



The following is the examples of complex sentence (kalimat majemuk bertingkat)

S + P CONJUNCTION S + P

Diakuinya bahwa ia yang memukul anak itu.

Katanya bahwa ia tidak sengaja menjatuhkan gelas itu.

Mereka sudah mengetahui

bahwa saya yang mengambilnya.

Ayah pulang ketika kami makan malam



The following is the examples of compound-complex sentence (kalimat majemuk campuran)

Major Pattern Minor 1 Minor 2

Ketika ia duduk minum-minum,

datang seorang pemuda berpakaian bagus

dan menggunakan kendaraan roda empat.



There are some conditions that may lead to common errors when writing sentences in Bahasa Indonesia.

1. Influenced by local languages2. Influenced by foreign languages3. Ambiguity4. Ineffectiveness5. Fragments6. Illogical Sentences7. Reduncance/Pleonasm



INFLUENCED BY LOCAL LANGUAGES

a. Buku itu dibeli oleh saya buku eta dipeser ku abdi

b. Apa kamu sudah membacanya Opo kowe . . . .

c. Atas perhatian Saudara kami haturkan terima kasih.

d. Teknologinya Jepang jauh lebih maju dari kita

e. Kita punya kemampuan terbaik.



INFLUENCED BY FOREIGN LANGUAGES

a. My name is Farah

b. He knows a restaurant where we can get a drink.

c. Aeroplanes which cross the Atlantic are jets.

d. The man to whom the letter was addressed had died months before.

e. The travelers with whom I had spoken came from distant town.



Translated as follows:

• Nama saya adalah Farah.

• Dia tahu rumah makan di mana kita bisa mendapatkanminuman.

• Pesawat-pesawat yang mana mengarungi Lautan Atlantikitu adalah jet.

• Orang kepada siapa surat itu dialamatkan telah meninggalbeberapa bulan lalu.

• Para pelancong dengan siapa saya telah berbicara datangdari kota yang jauh.



AMBIGUITY

a. Lukisan Jamilah dipajang juga dalam pameran itu.

b. Garasi mobil yang mewah itu selalu terpelihara.

c. Ibu Indra sakit



INEFFECTIVE SENTENCES

1. Sejumlah desa-desa yang dilalui Sungai Citarum dilandabanjir.

2. Dalam pembangunan jembatan Pasupati, banyak persoalan-persoalan ekstern yang muncul.

3. Bersama surat ini saya lampirkan daftar nama-nama calonanggota DPR.



a. diperlebarkan dilebarkan/diperlebar

b. Seringkali sering-sering/ berkali-kali

c. dan lain sebagainya dan lain-lain/dan sebagainya

d. Kadangkala kadang-kadang/Adakala

e. zaman dahulu kala zaman/kala



f. Dalam seminar itu membicarakan . . . .

Dalam seminar itu dibicarakan . . . .

Seminar itu membicarakan . . . . (X)

Pemakalah seminar itu membicarakan . . . .

g. Permasalahan negara dapat diatasi dengan cepattergantung dari pemimpinnya. (X)

• Pada dinding itu tergantung lukisan.

• Permasalahan negara dapat diatasi dengan cepatbergantung pada pimpinannya.



FRAGMENTS

a. Jika tidak ada dukungan masyarakat, tidak

akan terwujud.

b. Film produksi dalam negeri yang kurang

bermutu yang tidak mampu bersaing di

pasaran.

c. Dua orang mahasiswa jurusan Mesin yang

sedang mengadakan penelitian ke Bontang.



ILLOGICAL SENTENCES

a. Yang kencing harus disiram orangnya yang

disiram

b. Dilarang keras membuang sampah ke sungai

c. Kepada yang tidak berkepentingan dilarang masuk

Siapa yang tidak berkepentingan? Kepada

d. Daerah bebas parkir berarti boleh parkir di mana saja.



ILLOGICAL SENTENCES

e. Waktu dan tempat kami persilakan.

f. Bapak/Ibu/Saudara …, kami persilakan.

g. Mereka tidak paham dan mengerti masalahpolitik.



REDUNDANCE

Adalah merupakan

Mulai sejak

Ulang kembali

Naik ke atas

Turun ke bawah

Amat sangat sekali



REDUNDANCE

Berdasarkan pada Berdasar pada . . . .

Berdasarkan . . . .

Disebabkan karena Disebabkan . . .

Membicarakan mengenai/tentang Berbicara

tentang/mengenai

Membicarakan . . . .



a. Hasil daripada penjualan saham akan digunakan untukmemperluas bidang usaha.

b. Baik pedagang ataupun konsumen masih menunggukepastian harga sehingga tidak terjadi transaksi jual beli.

c. Bukan harga sembilan bahan pokok yang mengalami

kenaikan harga tetapi harga produk yang menggunakanbahan baku impor.

d. Sebagian pedagang tidak menaikkan harga melainkanmenimbun sebagian barang dagangannya.

e. Antara kemauan konsumen dengan kemauan pedagangterdapat perbedaan dalam penentuan kenaikan harga.

Note:seperti baik…maupun; bukan…melainkan; tidak…tetapi….; antara…dan….



Rida Wahyuningrum

Rida Wahyuningrum

English DepartmentAdi Buana PGRI University, Surabaya

Lecture 4-Sentence Patterns

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Transcript of Lecture 4-Sentence Patterns