Lecture 4 - e-Beam Lithography 2003chem.ch.huji.ac.il/~porath/NST2/Lecture 4/Lecture 4 -...

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e-Beam Lithography Danny Porath 2005 (Cumming et. al.)

Transcript of Lecture 4 - e-Beam Lithography 2003chem.ch.huji.ac.il/~porath/NST2/Lecture 4/Lecture 4 -...

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e-Beam Lithography

Danny Porath 2005

(Cumming et. al.)

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With the help of…….

1. Yosi Shacam – TAU2. Delft people (Emile Van der Drift)

and site3. …

Nice Simulations: http://www.matter.org.uk/tem/sitemap.htm

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Outline e-Beam Lithography:

1. Examples, links and homework

2. Lithography: e-Beam, direct

3. Etching and process

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Internet Sites“Handbook of Microlithography, micromachining and

microfabrication”, Editor P. Rai-Choudhury.http://www.matter.org.uk/tem/sitemap.htmhttp://www.cnf.cornell.edu/spiebook/toc.htm

http://dsa.dimes.tudelft.nl/http://www.dimes.tudelft.nl/

http://www.dimes.tudelft.nl/2001/report.pdfhttp://www.eng.tau.ac.il/~yosish/courses.html

http://www.jcnabity.com/http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/labs/vc/theory/photolith.html

http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/labs/vc/....

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Homework 41. Read the paper:

“Metal Nanoparticles, Nanowires and contact electrodes self-assembled on pattered monolayer templates – a bottom up chemical approach”Hoeppener et. al., Advanced Materials 14(15), 1036 (2002).

- Emphasize the lithography part.2. Read the paper:

“Performance of the Raith 150 electron-beam lithography system”,J.G. Goodberlet, J. T. Hastings and H.I. Smith,

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Examples

(Cumming et. al.)

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Examples

(Glasgow University.)

Optical micrograph of a 140 GHz low noise amplifier

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Examples

(Glasgow University.)

Lines and spaces in Shiply UV5 resist written using e-beam lithography

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Examples

(Glasgow University.)

Cell growth along lithographically patterned lines

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Examples (DIMES- DELFT)

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Examples (DIMES- DELFT)

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Bonding

(Delft University.)

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Post-processing surface micromachining

(Delft University.)

polyimide as sacrificial layer for an all-dry etch release of microstructures

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Post-processing surface icromachining

(Delft University.)

Polyimide as sacrificial layer for an all-dry etch release of microstructures

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Post-processing surface micromachining

(Delft University.)

Sacrificial layer is used to avoid sticking

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Wind Sensor

(Delft University.)

Using the sensor,wi nd-speed and direction may be determined with an inaccuracy of ± 2° and ± 5%respectively in the range 0 -25 m/s.

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Diamond Membranes

(NASA)

Fabricating Diamond Membranes Using Reactive-Ion Etching

CVD

Scratch

Al Evaporation

RIE

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The Delft DIMES Team

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Overview (based on: http://dsa.dimes.tudelft.nl/usage/techno_intro/Introduction_technology.htm)

1. Nanofabricationa) Conceptb) Trends

2. Pattern definition3. Resist4. Wet chemicals5. Pattern transfer

a) Subtractive: Etching, Multilayer maskingb) Additive: Deposition

6. Inspection7. Examples

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Concept

Controlled realisation of a 3-dimensional

structure

Dimensions, accuracies and tolerances in

the nano-range

Step-by-step process, layer by layer

Integration to a complete process

Feedback loop between process and

performance

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Multilevel Metalization

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State of The Art Applications

Molecular DevicesNanomechanical structuresNanomagnetic structuresNanofluidicsOn-chip integration & “Lab on a chip”

TechnologyFabrication beyond limitsAtomic scale techniques

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Process Design ……A matter of making choices

filmsubstrate substrate

Etch Deposit

Start

After mask removal

substrate

maskAfter lithography

mask

Different approaches …. Different results!!!

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Within each layer Pattern Definition

Resist layer technologyExposurePattern development

Pattern transferAdditiveSubtractive

Mask removalInspection

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Resist Processing Resist

Substrate

Mask

coating

exposure

development

positive negative

pattern transfer

resist strip

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Resist Processing

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Resist Processing

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Resist Processing

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Resist Processing

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Typical Resist Materials (e-Beam 100 kV, Optical 300-400 nm)

Substrate exposurePMMA* e-beam 600 µC/cm2 (+) +and

-

SNR DUV, e-beam µC/cm2 140 -

HSQ (FOX-12) e-beam µC/cm2 500 -

SAL 603 e-beam 3-5 µC/cm2 -

NEB 22-2A e-beam µC/cm2 18 -

HPR NUV 50-100 mJ/cm2 +

AZ NUV 50-100 mJ/cm2 +

AZ ,HPR image reversal

NUV 50-100 mJ/cm2 -

* BROAD RANGE OF PRODUCTS

Mask writingPBS e-beam 36 µC/cm2 +

SAL605 e-beam 7 µC/cm2 -

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Resist Coating Spin processViscositySpin speedSurfaceDirect ambient

Step coverage

Adhesion

H | O |

H | O |

H | O |

hydrophylic hydrophobic

Si | O |

R R

Si | O |

R R

Si | O |

R R

primer

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Resist Thickness R

topography coverage

dry etch erosion R

lift-off

resolution

pinholes

R

R

R

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Resist Issues (1) Materials

Glass temperature Tg – pattern stabilityMolecular weight resolution Substrate atomic number Z proximity effectsChemical composition etch resistance

adhesion

ProcessDevelopment (strength, time, temperature) Baking (time, temperature) Post-treatment: descum, native oxide strip

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Resist Issues (2) Materials

Descum

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Resist Issues (2)

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Pattern Definition Radiation sources

PhotonsElectronsX-rayIons

ApproachShadow mask – controlledDirect write

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Mask Controlled Optical lithography

light source

Mask

contact proximity projection

Substrate + resist

gap

optical

system

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Mask Controlled

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Mask Controlled

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Mask Controlled

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Limitations – Diffraction Limited Optical lithography

Resolution K1λ/NADepth of Focus K2λ/(NA)2

From µm down to 50 nm!!!

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X-ray Lithography Shadow mask concept – λ=1 nm

Projection concept – λ=13.7 nm

Pyrex

SiBoron nitride

polyimide

Au absorber protective coating

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X-ray Lithography (NSL@MIT)

X-ray lithography done with the JMAR laser plasma x-ray source.

X-ray mask X-ray replication

& liftoff (Ti/Au)

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X-ray Lithography

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Direct Write e-Beam lithography

e-

electron gun

beam blanker

deflection coils, lenses

vacuum chamber

mechanical drive

table position monitor

substrate

film

resist

table

computer control

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Performance EBPG-5

Details down to 20 nm! Alignment within 50 nm

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Limitations (1) e-Beam lithography

Resolution factorBeam quality (~1 nm)Secondary electrons (lateral range – a few nm)Beam focus on surface

Performance recordsOrganic resist PMMA ~ 7 nmInorganic resist, b.v. AIF3 ~ 1-2 nm

diaphragm

substrate

beam

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Limitations (2) e-Beam lithography

Forward scatteringHigh keV, thin resist layer

Back scattering

Electron rangeAmount f(atom number)

10 KV 25 KV 50 KV

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Wet Chemical Treatment ……An example…

Inspection

post-bake

pre-bake

exposure

spin coating

film deposition

resist strip

clean

development rinse and dry

pattern transfer

surface treatment

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Wet ChemicalsSubstrate cleaning

fuming HNO3H2SO4/H2O2 (piranya)RCA-process

HCl/H2O2 (metallic) NH4OH/H2O2 (organic)

Resist technologyketone solvents Acetone IPA

Mask removalfuming HNO3PRS

Wet etchingstrong acids alkaline agents

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Wet EtchantsH2O sloluble

Nitric acid HNO3

Hydrofluoric acid HFPhosphoric acid H3PO4

Hydrochloric acid HClSulfuric acid H2SO4

Acetic acid H4C2O4

Potassium hydroxide KOHMask strippers (PRS, etc.) strong alkaline

TOXIC, HazardousSafety handling

protection (gloves, glasses) sequence of mixing sequence of diluting

Moisture attackbeneficial role of H2O

special application kits

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Organic LiquidsH2O insloluble

Flamableheating ‘Au-bain-Marie’

Toxic vapoursmandatory extraction conditions

Insoluble residuesacetone/IPA treatment

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Etching

(Darling et. al.)

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Dry EtchingProfile control

Characteristics

High resolution

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Dry Etchingmechanism (1)

diffusion to surface

adsorption

reaction desorption

diffusion into bulk gas

plasma

generation of etchant species

gas flow

ion bombardment

radicals

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Dry Etching+ +

Mask

mechanism (2)

• reaction

• desorption

• passivation

sidewall passivation

ion-induced etching

(e.g. O, CF2 )

(e.g. F, Cl)

ions

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Dry Etchingreactive ion etching RIE)

Vp Vdc

rf

plasma bulk

sheath ions radicals

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Etching Machine

(Aultimut)

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Fluorine basedSi, Ge, SiC, W, Nb, Mo, SiO2, Si3N4

Clorine basedGaAs, InP,GaN, Al, Ti, Cr, Al2O3

Very dificult to etchAu, Pt, Pd, Cu, Ni, Co, Fe,…

Dry Etching

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Dry Etchingprocess issues

nonselective selective

Mask

etch stop

nonselective selective

isotropic anisotropic

Profile

micromasking

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איכול איזוטרופי

מסכה

רזיס ט

שכבה מאוכלת

Litho bias

Etch bias

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אנאיזוטרופיאיכול

מסכה

רזיס ט

שכבה מאוכלת

Litho bias

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אנאיזוטרופיאיכול פלז מה

יו נ ים ספוח יםאטומים אי נרטי ם

רזיס ט

פול י

אוקס י י ד

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ב עי ות באיכולארוזיה של הרזיס ט

התזה של הרזיסט

יצ ירת שוחות

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Reaction Mechanism For C2F6 Etching Si

(ftp://uigelz.ece.uiuc.edu/pub/presentations/dzhang_avs99.pdf)

A CxFy polymer layer is formed on the Si surface in coincidence with Si etching. The steady state passivation layer thickness is a balance of CFxdeposition, ion sputtering and F etching of the layer.

Si etching precursor (F) needs to diffuse through the passivation layer.

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Wet vs. Dry Etching

Wet etching

Dry etching

selectivity + +

--

Dimension control --

++

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Advanced Mask Technologies

e-

image layer

film

intermediate

mask layer

substrate

expose develop dry etch dry etch dry etch F/Cl O2 F/Cl

pmma

Positive tone with HR PMMADry etch purpose

Image layer to be baked at temperatures lower than used for the bottom mask layer!!

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Advanced Mask TechnologiesDecoupling of imaging and actual mask functionNegative tone with Si-containing e-beam resist

Dry etch purpose

Image layer to be baked at temperatures lower than used for the bottom mask layer!!

e-

image layer

film

mask layer

substrate

expose develop dry etch dry etch O2 F/C

SNR

oxide

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Advanced Mask TechnologiesLift-off purpose – double layer resist

o Dedicated solvents to avoid layer mixingo Short descum after developmento Optional native oxide stripo Film deposition temperature not too high

high mol. weight

low(er) mol weight

PMMA

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Electroplating

resist plating base substrate

e-beam litho electrogrowth + mask removal

patterning

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Deposition Evaporation

methods: e-gun or thermal directional flux (ideal for lift-off!)

Sputteringmethods: ion beam or plasma non-directional flux (improved step coverage)

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Evaporation

viscous

substrate

molecular flow

real source

virtual source region

e-gun heating

resistive heating

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Sputtering

plasma bulk

ionstarget

film

DC/RF

DC/RF

shutter

substrate bias

sputter source

Substrate bias:

• fine tuning film morphology, roughness,..

• substrate cleaning

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Thin Film Deposition IssuesStep coverage

Surface diffusion flux directionality

Film morphologyTemperature Ion treatment

StressThermal Growth induced

AdhesionCompatibility film-substrate StressBeneficial role few nm Ti, Cr or NiCr

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Step coverageevaporation

sputtering

Lift-off performance

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Step coverageImpact process conditions (temperature, pressure)

conformal : high surface diffusion

nonconformal ; long mean free path

nonconformal ; short mean free path

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InspectionTip techniques

with CCD-camera for on-chip inspectionStylus (α-step)

Height resolution 5 nmLateral resolution ≥ 15 µm

AFMHeight resolution monolayerLateral resolution ≤ nm

MicroscopyOptical microscopy (1 µm) Dark field, Interference contrast, luminescence Scanning Electron Microscopy (≤ 1 nm)

20-25% of fabrication time!

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InspectionPlasma

Optical emission reactive species Langmuir probe ion flux

SubstrateLaser interferometry etch rate, endpointQuartz crystal layer thickness Ellipsometry surface constitution

layer growth Fluoroptic probe temperature

In situ process diagnostics

Ex situ process diagnostics Wafer curvature stress buildupEllipsometry layer thickness

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InspectionX-ray photoelectron spectroscopy XPSAuger electron spectroscopy AESSecondary Ion mass spectroscopy SIMSElectron Microprobe analysis EMPA Transmission Electron Micr. TEM/EDX

Chemical analysis

Characteristics Sensitivity Lateral

resolutionSamplingdepth

XPS %At 1 mm2 nm

AES %At m µ nm

SIMS ppm 0.001 mm2 nm - m µ

EMPA %At m µ ≥ 0.2 µm

TEM /EDX %At nm p.m.

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Self-Assembly Lithography (Sagiv@Weizmann)

Nanostructure made of a single layer of oriented molecules, self-assembled on a nanoelectrochemically patternedmonolayer surface on silicon (AFM image)

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Self-Assembly Lithography (Sagiv@Weizmann)

Nanostructure made of a single layer of oriented molecules, self-assembled on a nanoelectrochemically patternedmonolayer surface on silicon (AFM image)

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Self-Assembly Lithography (Sagiv@Weizmann)

Nanostructure made of a single layer of oriented molecules, self-assembled on a nanoelectrochemically patternedmonolayer surface on silicon (AFM image)

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Self-Assembly Lithography (Sagiv@Weizmann)

Nanostructure made of a single layer of oriented molecules, self-assembled on a nanoelectrochemically patternedmonolayer surface on silicon (AFM image)

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Self-Assembly Lithography

(Sagiv@Weizmann)

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Self-Assembly Lithography

(Sagiv@Weizmann)

9 nm

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The RIE process (Reactive Ion Etching)

A dry etching process used in microelectronic manufacturing:

Applications:

1. Fast and ultra high surface cleaning

2. Surface activation

3. Photo-resist stripping

4. Semiconductor etching

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Etching Machine

(Aultimut)

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תהליכי איכול יב ש

לחץתהלי ך טו ר 0.1-100איכול פלזמה

טו ר 0.001-0.1(RIE) ר א ק ט י ב יאיכול בגז 10-3-10-5יונ י ) MILLING( כרסום torr

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איכול רטוב

איכול ר ט וב הנ ו בדרך כ לל איזוט רופי

HF -איכול תחמו צ ת ב

SiO2+6HF--> H2+SiF6+6H2O

איכול סילי קוןHNO3+HF+CH3COOH -חומצי

KOH, NaOH, CsOH. -בסיס י etc.

פוספורי ת חומ צ ה -איכול אלומי נ י ום

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איכול ב פל זמה פלזמה של גז י ם הלוגני ם מ אכלת סילי קון ואת רוב

ה מ י ק רואלק ט רונ י קה השכבות הדקו ת ב ת עשי י ת

ני תן לקבל פלזמה ה מ אכלת פוטורז יסט בא י ט יות . ר בה יחסית

,CF4מ קו ב ל להשת מ ש ב ג זים ה מכ ילי ם פ לואור כ מ ו CHF3, NF3ועוד

מש ת מש י ם ג ם בכלור או ב ת רכובות כלור

ני תן להשת מש ב ת ר כובות יוד וברו ם

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?מה קוב ע א ת איכות האיכול כי מי י ת ה ג ז

השאי בההלחץ הח לקי ב תא וק צ ב הזר י מה א ו מה י רות צור ת ח י בור , ג יאומ ט ר י ה, חומ ר י ם-תא ה ר יא ק צ יה

). RIEר ג יל או ( המ ת ח הספק , תד ר הע בודה-העי ר ור

ט מ פ ר טו ר האיכות ה ר זיסט

תלוי ב ני קוי -איכות ה שטח ה מ ת אכל

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יוני )MILLING(כרסום

יוני ם הפוגע ים בפנ י השט ח יכולים להתי ז חומ ר ש קאופמן”מ קו ר מ קובל ליצ י ר ת יונ י ק רוי ע

סריג מחומם פולט א ל קטרו נ י ם

)חיוב י ת(אנודה

אטומיארגון

אלק טרונ ים

יו נ י ארגון אנרגטיים

סריג של י ל י

פרוס ה

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ב עי ות באיכולארוזיה של הרזיס ט

התזה של הרזיסט

יצ ירת שוחות

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)RIE( ראקטיביאיכול גז

RF -הפרוסות מחוב רות לאלקט רוד ת ה הלחץ הח לקי נ מוך בה ר ב ה מא שר ב איכול בפלזמה

כמו , האיכול מבוסס על שי לוב של איכול כימ יי היו ני ם ” ע) או התזה (ע ם כר סום , בא יכול בפלזמה.הפוגע ים בש ט ח

RIE ישנה כיווניות , אנא י זוטרו פינו ת ן איכולבא יכול

הכי מ יה נות נ ת את ה סלק ט י ב יות

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RIE -ב עי ות ב

י תכן ונוצר נז ק למוליך למח צ ה זיהומ י ם -התז ת מ ת כות מה א לק ט ר ודה הנ גדי ת

נ י ק ל ועוד, מ תכ ת יי ם כמו ב רזלעל (ופלואורי די ם) ע ל סיליקון ( ק ר ב ידי םי צי ר ת

).אלומינ יום

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מ ע רכות פלזמ ה לניקוי

פלזמה של ח מ צ ן לניקוי פוטורז יסט פלזמה של פלואור לני קוי שכבות דקו ת של תח מו צ ת

מ ר יא ק טו ר י ם פלזמה של כלור לני קו י שכבות דקו ת של סילי קון

. אפי ט ק סיאליותמ מ ע רכות ג ידול גב י ש

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ב ק רת תהליכי איכול:מ גד י ר י ם פר מ ט ר י ם ק רי ט י י ם

רוחב קו

שיפוע צד

נזק

: מו צא י ם מ תא ם ב ינ ם לפרמ ט ר י ם של התה ליךמ ה י רות זרי מ ת ה ג ז והכי מ יה , הספק חשמלי, לחץ.שלו

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)CMP(כימי -איכול מכנו

שילוב של איכול כימ י ע ם לי טוש מכ ני

SLURRY

PADפרוסה

F, כוח

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?CMPמה מאפיין

יחסי לזמן הליט וש

.יחסי לכוח האנ כי ולמה י ר ות הי חסית ב ין הפרוסה לפד

DISHING אפ ק ט של -תלוי ב מ רו וח בי ן הקווים

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CMP של נחושת

תלוי בהיס טו רי ה של השכבות

משפ י ע ע ל הת נ גדות ה ק ווים ועל הא מי נות שלהם

DAMASCENE -מש מ ש להגד ר ת ה מוליכים ב ת הליך ה

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Dual-Damasceneתהליך

b.

M2

d.a.

c. f.

ILDM1

ResistCap layer

b. e.

M2

a) Insulator deposition + Mask 1b) Mask 2c) Strip maskd) Selective stud etche) Barrier, metal and stud depositionf) CMP

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RIE Simulation

(http://uigelz.ece.uiuc.edu/Projects/HPEM-ICP/)

Ar/Cl2/BCl3 gas mixture at 10 mTorr is used to etch a poly-Si wafer

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RIE Simulation

(http://uigelz.ece.uiuc.edu/Projects/HPEM-ICP/)

Electron Density and etching profile

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RIE Simulation, 600 W, 100 V

(http://uigelz.ece.uiuc.edu/Projects/HPEM-ICP/)

Electric field and power deposition. The short skin depth confines the electric field near the coil. Capacitive coupling produces ion acceleration into the wafer

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RIE Simulation, 600 W, 100 V

(http://uigelz.ece.uiuc.edu/Projects/HPEM-ICP/)

Chlorine ions are the dominant charged species

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RIE Simulation, 600 W, 100 V

(http://uigelz.ece.uiuc.edu/Projects/HPEM-ICP/)

Chlorine atoms are the major etching species of the poly-Si. They produce an etch product of SiCl2

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RIE Simulation, 600 W, 100 V

(http://uigelz.ece.uiuc.edu/Projects/HPEM-ICP/)

Some of the etch product is reionized as SiCl2+ and SiCl+ and accelerated

into the wafer. BCln+ ions are also plentiful

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RIE Simulation, 600 W, 100 V

(http://uigelz.ece.uiuc.edu/Projects/HPEM-ICP/)

Some of the etch product is reionized as SiCl2+ and SiCl+ and accelerated

into the wafer. BCln+ ions are also plentiful

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Effect of asymmetric pumping

(http://uigelz.ece.uiuc.edu/Projects/HPEM-ICP/)

Cl2 is injected through a symmetric array of nozzles from the top insulator. The gas is pumped either symmetrically through 3 evenly spaced pump ports or through a single pump port

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Effect of asymmetric pumping

(http://uigelz.ece.uiuc.edu/Projects/HPEM-ICP/)

Electron impact dissociation of Cl2produces Cl atoms which is the primary etching species. The Cl atoms are consumed on the poly-Si wafer on the substrate. The top shows the Cl2 density at the top of the reactor (10 mTorr, 150 sccm). The bottom shows the Cl atom density just above the wafer. The Cl2density shows scalloping resulting from the injection nozzles. The Cl density at the wafer is essentially symmetric, though there is some small amount of biasing towards the pump ports.

The same values when using asymmetric pumping. The Cl reactant density clearly shows side-to-side dependencies. There is also some asymmetry in the Cl2 density at the top of the reactor. These asymmetries are functions of of gas pressure, reactive sticking coefficients and power deposition. .

Electron impact dissociation of Cl2produces Cl atoms which is the primary etching species. The Cl atoms are consumed on the poly-Si wafer on the substrate. The top shows the Cl2 density at the top of the reactor (10 mTorr, 150 sccm). The bottom shows the Cl atom density just above the wafer. The Cl2density shows scalloping resulting from the injection nozzles. The Cl density at the wafer is essentially symmetric, though there is some small amount of biasing towards the pump ports.

Symmetric Asymmetric

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Si2F6 Etching of Si

(http://uigelz.ece.uiuc.edu/Projects/HPEM-ICP/)

Simulations of C 2 F 6 etching of Si in an ICP reactor

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Reaction Mechanism For C2F6 Etching Si

(ftp://uigelz.ece.uiuc.edu/pub/presentations/dzhang_avs99.pdf)

A CxFy polymer layer is formed on the Si surface in coincidence with Si etching. The steady state passivation layer thickness is a balance of CFxdeposition, ion sputtering and F etching of the layer.

Si etching precursor (F) needs to diffuse through the passivation layer.

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סיכוםתהלי כי האיכול נחוצ י ם להגדר ת ק ווי המולי כים

. והמ ג ע ים , ב ט כנולוג י ת האיכול, איכות ה א יכול תלויה בלי תוג רפיה

. ובנ י ק וי פנ י הש טחת ופש את מ קו מו כטכנ ולוגיה ) CMP( כימ י -איכול מכ נו

. ק ר י ט י ת לנ חושתהדרי שות מ ב י צ ועי ה איכול היבש ה ולכות ו מ חמ י ר ות ע ם

.י ריד ת ה מ מד י ם