Lecture-3 Final - Airport

CE-363

Lecture 3: Aircraft Controls, Airport

Site and Size Selection

Dr. Ankit Gupta, Assistant Professor

Department of Civil Engineering

National Institute of Technology Hamirpur

Lecture Outline

Aircraft Controls

General Information on Aircrafts

Site selection and factors influencing

Selection of airport size

Aircrafts – Forces

Various forces acting on an aircraft are as shown:

Aircrafts – Rotational Movements

Rotational movements are caused with respect to

the three reference axis ‘x’, ‘y’ and ‘z’

Aircrafts – Controls

Controls work with the help of different

components of an aircraft, like

Wings and Flaps

Three controls

Rudder

Elevator

Aileron


Control using Wings

and Flaps

NO LIFT CONDITION

LIFT DUE TO UPWASH AND DOWNWASH


Control using Wings

and Flaps

Lift is directly

related to

surface area


Control using Wings

and Flaps


Control using Wings

and

Flaps

WITHOUT GROUND EFFECT


Control using Wings

and

Flaps

WITH GROUND EFFECT


Control using Rudder

Yawing Motion


Control using Elevator

Pitching Motion


Control using Aileron

Rolling Motion

Airport Planning

General

Requires intensive study

Aviation is the most dynamic industry

Airport Master Plan

It refers to the planner’s idealized concept of

the form and structure of the ultimate

development of the airport. It includes

Description of staged development

Financial implications

Fiscal strategies

Airport Planning

Objectives of Master Plan as per FAA

To provide an effective graphical presentation of the

ultimate development of the airport and of the

anticipated land uses adjacent

To establish a schedule of priorities and phasing for

the various improvements proposed in the plan.

To present the pertinent backup information and

data

To describe the various concepts and alternatives

which were considered in the establishment of the

proposed plan.

Airport Planning

FAA Recommendations

Phase I: Airport Requirements – Examination of the

scale and timing of new facilities with respect to the

anticipated demand and status of existing facilities.

Phase II: Site Selection – Study if airspace

requirements, EIA, development, access,

availabilities of utilities, land cost, political

implications, etc.

Airport Planning

FAA Recommendations

Phase III: Airport Plans

Airport Layout Plan

Land Use Plan

Terminal Area Plan

Airport Access Plan

Phase IV: Financial Plan

Schedules of Proposed Development

Estimates of Development Cost

Economic Feasibility Analysis

Financial Feasibility Analysis

Airport Planning

ICAO Recommendation for Master Plan

Planning Method

Forecasting for Planning Purposes

Site Evaluation and Selection

Airport Configuration

Aircraft Apron

Passenger Area

Passenger Building

Departures

Arrivals

Airport Planning

ICAO Recommendation for Master Plan

Cargo

Landside Roads, Vehicle Parks, Other Buildings

and Facilities

Access

Airport Planning

Regional Planning

Planning of an airport should be done considering

the air traffic needs of the nation as a whole rather

than an individual locality.

In India AAI is doing this in collaboration with the

states.

It provides the following information

Approximate location of the airports on national map

Classification of airports

Location of air strips

Routes of air travel

rokers

Highlight

Airport Planning

Regional Planning

Following data is collected for a scientific and sound

planning on regional basis.

Population

Topographical and Geographical Features

Existing Airports in the Vicinity

Air Traffic Characteristics

Development of New Airports

Airport Planning

Improvement of Existing Airport

Traffic Forecast

Area to be served

Origin and destination of the residents and non-residents

of the area

Population growth in the area

Economic character of the area

Income level per capita

Types of business activities and the labour employed

Trends in existing local air traffic

Trends in national air traffic volume

Population growth & economic standards of adjacent areas

Airport Planning

Determination of the Capacity of Existing Airport

Suitability of approaches for the type of airports

Capacity to handle the peak hour traffic

Adequacy of terminal building to handle passengers

Adequacy of aprons and servicing facilities

Improvement of Airport Capacity

Runway extensions, new or parallel runways and high

speed exit taxiways

Rearranging or increasing the size of terminal building or

loading apron

Improving the traffic control devices

Planning of a New Airport

AIRPORT SITE SELECTION

Specific Aspects: Air Traffic Potential

Adequate Access

Sufficient Airspace

Sufficient Land


Factors affecting site selection:

Atmospheric and Meteorological conditions

Availability of Land for expansion

Availability of utilities

Development of the surrounding area

Economy of construction

Ground accessibility


Factors affecting site selection:

Presence of other airports

Regional plan

Soil characteristics

Surrounding obstructions

Use of airport



Visibility

Fog, smoke, haze

Affected by wind velocity

Development of area (industrial)

Causes reduction in frequency and hence in

capacity handling



Wind

Direction and intensity

Associated topographical features, like hill, valley

Windward / Leeward side

Locating development with respect to site of airport


Availability of land for expansion

Future prediction of air traffic

Land for parking of vehicles, terminal facilities,

apron, runway length, etc

Land cost (at later stage)

Availability of land at later stage


Availability of Utilities

Water, Power, etc.

Sewerage

Communication

Generation Plants


Development of surrounding area

Residential or Sensitive area

Industrial development

Height of development

Zoning laws


Development of surrounding area

Noise Pollution

Movement of Air pollution

Bird movements and hits

Associated safety considerations


Economy of Construction

Alternate sites to be examined

Availability of local construction material

Uneven terrain, grading or flattening

Problematic areas

Water logging areas

Reclaimed areas


Ground Accessibility

Travel time in air v/s travel time on land

Easily approachable using all types of modes

Proximity to areas of air trip generation

Facilities for private vehicle users

Efficient transport system


Presence of other Airports

Traffic Volume

En-circling radius of aircraft

Type of aircraft

Type of operating facilities

IFR, VFR


Presence of other Airports

Separation distance between radii

May cause

serious air traffic congestion

Reduction in airport capacity


Soil Characteristics

Strength of soil sub grade

Bearing on the cost of construction

Drainage of soil – self draining

Level of water table

Subsoil drainage


Soil Characteristics

Valley side may have flooding

Soil with reasonable amount of pervious

material like gravel or sand along with suitable

natural binder is good


Use of Airport

Civil or military

Adaptability for other uses during emergencies


Surrounding Obstructions

Clear air space for landing and take-off

High-rise structures (man-made)

Natural obstructions like trees etc

Height restrictions and laws

AIRPORT SIZE

Defined by Space required for

Operators

Controlling Systems

Management staff and

Ground Movements.

It is controlled by:

Peak Aircraft Traffic

Aircraft Characteristics, etc.

AIRPORT SIZE

Factors controlling airport size

Elevation of Airport Site above MSL

Meteorological conditions

Performance characteristics of aircraft

Volume of air traffic

AIRPORT SIZE


Elevation of Airport Site above MSL

Affects runway requirements

Aircraft performance varies with altitude, air

density, temperature, etc.

Affects lift, drag, length of runway, etc.

AIRPORT SIZE


Meteorological Conditions

Wind

Intensity

Direction

Duration

Temperature

AIRPORT SIZE


Meteorological Conditions

Affects runway orientation and number of

runways required

Length of runway changes (increases)

Due to change in air density and subsequent lift,

etc.

AIRPORT SIZE


Traffic Volume

Peak hour volume

Nature of air traffic

Size of aircraft

No. of Air Transporters

Runways, Taxiways, Aprons

Hangers, terminals

Forecasted traffic

AIRPORT SIZE


Facilities and Utilities to be provided

Performance Characteristics of Aircraft

Dimensions

Landing Speed

Turning Radius etc.

Lecture-3 Final - Airport

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