Lecture 24: Anti-Terrorism of Southeast Asia
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Transcript of Lecture 24: Anti-Terrorism of Southeast Asia
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Lecture 24: Anti-Terrorism of Southeast Asia
16th April 2003 (Wednesday)
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Structure of Lecture 24: Introduction to Southeast Asia and Islam Southeast Asian Response to 911 The Bali Night Club Terrorist Attack (The “1012
Incident”) The Australian Dream and the Iraqi War Conclusion:
The Four Interpretations of Southeast Asian Terrorism
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PART IIntroduction to Southeast Asia
and Islam
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Universal Vs Regional Religions
Universal Religion: A Religion Aims at Converting the
Whole World with a set of Universal Values
e.g. Christianity, Islam, Buddhism Regional Religion:
A Religion Exclusively Belonging to a Certain Region/ Ethnic Group
Concept of the “Chosen Citizens by God”
e.g. Judaism, Shitoism
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Islam as a Universal Religion
Misconception: Islam = Middle East = Radical?!
Muslims in Places Outside the Middle East Muslims in China (Huizu) and the
Meaning of its Chinese Translation
Muslims in Southeast Asia Muslims in the West (Gilles Kepe
l, Allah in the West, Stanford University Press, 1997)
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The Roles of Religion in theSoutheast Asian History
Islam from Middle East to Southeast Asia (1400AD)
Religion as a Unifying Tool against External Threat Islam and Roman Catholicism
SE Asia Vs Imperialism Philippine Vs Spain and USA Indonesia Vs Netherlands Malaysia and Singapore Vs
Britain
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Independence of Southeast Asia
Independence of the Philippines as a Secular Republic (1946)
Independence of Indonesia as an Islamic Republic (1949)
Independence of Malaysia as a Federal Nation (1957)
Independence of Singapore as an Authoritarian Republic (1963)
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Correlation between State Religion and Terrorism?
Southeast Asia: the “Second Front of Anti-Terrorism”
Catholic Nil Islam
Support for US’s Anti-Terrorism
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PART IISoutheast Asian Response
towards 911
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The Internal Dilemma
To Side with USA: Pros: An External Helper against
Local Islamic Fundamentalism as a Rival to the Regime
Cons: Losing Islamic Support Locally
To Side against USA: Pros: Gaining Islamic Support
Locally Cons: Islamic Fundamentalism
Challenging the Regime
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The External Dilemma
Side with USA: Pros: Become an American
Protectorate against Other External Threats
Cons: National Interests Tie Hand-in-hand with the American Interests; Antagonizing anti-American countries; Sacrificing National Sovereignty to USA
Side against USA: Pros: Retaining International
independence; Maintaining Strategic Importance in the World
Cons: Possibly the Next Target of Anti-terrorism (Bush Doctrine II)
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The Choice of the Philippines
The Philippines as a Catholic Country
The Profile of the Post-Ferdinand Marcos Philippines
President Gloria Arroyo American-Philippine Alliance
Philippines as an Ex-American Colony
American army Stationed at Manila Whole-hearted Support of Anti-
terrorism
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The Choice of the Philippines (II)
Motivations: Abu Sayyaf (Moro Islamic Lib
eration Front) – as a Separatist Threat instead of a Terrorist Threat
Philippines in the Economic Hierarchy of Southeast Asia
“Yes Mom Diplomacy” – the Diplomacy of Filipino Maids and the Iraqi War
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The Choice of Malaysia Prime Minister Mahathir Mohammad Malaysia as a Neglected Economic Drag
on? Malaysia’s Odd Disappearance in the An
ti-Terror Coalition (together with Iran, Iraq and North Korea)
Concerns: Less Separatist/ Terrorist Threats than the P
hilippines/ Indonesia “Western Conspiracy” against Mahathir in the
Asian Financial Crisis – the Suharto Precedence
Use “Anti-Terrorism” as an Excuse to Strengthen the Dictatorial Rule of Mahathir
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The Choice of Indonesia
Significance as the Most Populated Islamic Country of the World
President Megawati Sukarnoputri The Megawati Trip to Washington after
911 Internal Anti-American Protests Concerns:
Separatism after the Independence of East Timor
Radical Islam as a Political Competitor Importance of Readmittance into the Interna
tional Community after ex-President Mohamed Suharto
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PART III The Bali Night Club
Terrorist Attack (12th October 2002)
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“1012” after “911” Target: Western Tourist-oriented
Night Club at Bali Island, Indonesia
Death: 216 (!) The Hong Kong Rugby Team
Western Media: “the wake-up call” Wake-up call for Southeast Asi
a Anti-Terrorism Wake-up call for USA to Furthe
r its Anti-Terrorist Effort …
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Message of the “Second Front of Terrorism”
Analyzing the Target – The “Proxy Attack”
Regional Second Front: Southeast Asia Vs Middle East/ “Homeland”
Psychological Second Front: Entertainment Business/ Tourism Vs Financial Business The Lang Kwai Fong Mania
Ability of USA to Fight Two-front/ Multi-front Wars in the Future?
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Southeast Asian Radical Muslims and Al-Qaeda?
Suspect of the Bali Bombing: Jemaah Islamiah (JI, Islamic Prayer Group) Spiritual Leader: Priest Abu Bakar Bashir
Islamic Fundamentalist in the Philippines: Abu Sayyaf Leader: Al Haj Murad
Their Linkages to Al-Qaeda and Laden: Afghanistan as the Social Club of “Future Terro
rists” in the 1980s The Provision of Monetary Funds by Al-Qaeda In Exchange for the Provision of Shelters by So
utheast Asian Terrorists The Common Religious Agenda
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The Pan-Islamic Country Proposal,Southeast Asia Version?
The Supposed “Proposal of Jemmah Islamiah”— Indonesia
From Moderate Islam to Radical Islam A Step-stone to “Convert” Australia
The Philippines North/South Division between Catholicism and Islam
Incorporation of the South
Malaysia From Federal Union to Islamic Federal Union
a Great Economic Union a Settlement of Territorial Disputes a Great Islamic Nation in Southeast Asia! a Strong Alliance to the United Middle East!
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Southeast Asia Vs Middle East
The Cohabitation of Christianity with Islam
The Introduction of Democracy to Authoritarianism
The Complexity of Ethnic Conflict The Encirclement of Superpower
Candidates Are Islamic Radicals Possible
to Player Larger Roles in the Region?
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Assigned Readings Main Text: Amitav Acharya:
“State-society Relations: Asian and World Order after September 11” (B&D P.194-204)
Supplementary Text: BBC News: In Depth Bali http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/asia_pacific/2002/bali
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PART IV The Australian Dream
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The Three Alignments in theAustralian History (20th Century)
Australia as a Hardcore Commonwealth Member (1900-1945) Number 3 Power in the Anglophone
Australia as a Second-class American ally (1945-1991) Minor Member in the Pan-Anglo-Saxon Alliance
Australia as a Self-proclaimed Leader of the Booming Asian-Pacific Region (1991-2001) Number 1 Power in “Australasia”?
The Post-911 World Order?
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John Howard’s Pre-911 Excitement in the East Timor Crisis (1999) Australia as the Major Source of
United Nations Peace-keeping Force in Indonesia (1999)
Australia behind the Independence of East Timor
Willingness of East Timor to Become an Australian “Protectorate”
John Howard as the Guardian of East Timor Democracy “Godfather of Peace of Southeast Asia”
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“Operation Enduring Freedom”
Alliance of Traditional American Allies in Southeast Asia after 911
Australia, New Zealand, Japan, South Korea, Thailand, Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan
An Encirclement of Whom? Indonesia, Malaysia,
Vietnam, China…
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John Howard’s Post-911 Excitement
Australian Investigation of the Bali Attack
Australia as the “Big Three” in the War against Iraq (USA, Britain, Australia)
DREAM: To Merge the Accented
American Power after 911 with its Asian-Pacific Agenda
The “United States” of the Asia-Pacific Region
The American Custodian of the Southeast Asian World Order
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George W Bush on Howard:
“With Global Visions; Can really Foresee the Danger of Terrorism”;
“A Very Close Friend of Mine”;
“One of the Very Few People that I will Listen to his Opinions”;
…
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PART V Conclusion – The Four Interpretations of
Southeast Asian Terrorism
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Identifying the Nature of the “Terrorist Attacks”
Separatism? Ache of Indonesia; Moros of the Phi
lippines … Universalism?
Radical Islam and the Islamic Nation Proposal …
Anti-totalitarianism? “Global Terrorism”?
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Democracy and Terrorism Lack of Democracy = Warming-bed of Terrorism? Authoritarian States = States “Containing" the Opp
osition by Pressure Democratic States = States Incorporating the Opp
osition in Open Elections and Power Sharing Terrorism = One of the Different Measures Used b
y Suppressed Opposition to Challenge against the Incumbent Government Only the Opposition Lobbies in Authoritarian States
are “Suppressed“ Symbiotic Relationship between Terrorism and O
pposition Lobby in Authoritarian States Only
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Authoritarianism = Less Effective Anti-Terrorism?
War of Anti-Terrorism of Authoritarian States = War of Anti-Opposition = “War against Freedom”
War of Anti-Terrorism of Democratic States = War Fighting on Behalf of t
he Whole Nation against an External Enemy
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Who are the Gainers of Labeling “Global Terrorists” Worldwide?
Defining the Attacks as Separatism/ Universalism/ Anti-Totalitarianism: Still within the Domain of Domestic
Politics Terrorism, in Capital Letter…
Out of Scope of Domestic Politics Providing Legitimate Rationales
for Other Countries to Intervene Increasing Possibilities to Create
/ Reinstate New Regional Hegemons (e.g. Australia, India…)
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~~The End~~
Thank you for attending