Lecture 2 Early Aviation Industries AVH 1103 – AVIATION HISTORY.
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Transcript of Lecture 2 Early Aviation Industries AVH 1103 – AVIATION HISTORY.
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Lecture 2Early Aviation Industries
AVH 1103 – AVIATION HISTORY
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AVIATION TIMELINE
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Ferdinand Adolf August Heinrich Graf von Zeppelin (1838-1917).
Inventor of the rigid airship, or dirigible balloon.
Ferdinand von Zeppelin spent nearly a decade developing the dirigible.
The first of many rigid dirigibles, called zeppelins in his honor, was completed in 1900.
Zeppelin airships-elongated bags filled with gas , fitted with engines, propellers and rudder.
Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin
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1st commercial air service
In 1910, a zeppelin provided the first commercial air service for passengers.
It provided air service between Europe and America in the 1920s and 1930s
One such airship was 3 times larger than a Boeing 747 and cruised at 68 mph.
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What is an airship?
• An airship is one of the Lighter than air (LTA) categories of aircraft.• Uses the concept of pressure and light gas to fly.
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Airship
Buoyant Force
Airship is powered by engines which are attached to the
gondola.
Gondola is the cabin suspended from an airship or
balloon and can carry passengers
Magnitude equal
backward momentumCauses the
airship moves
forward
Air is pushed
backward by
Airship’s propellers.
Backward momentu
m is produced.
Backward Momentu
m
Forward Momentum
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Airship Components
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HOW AIRSHIP WORKS?
Upward motion is based on the principle of Archimedes.
When airship rises, density of air inside the airship decreases.
When up thrust equal to weight of airship, airship will float in atmosphere.
Descend of airship is controlled by the release of Helium gas inside it.
Direction of the airship is not dependent on the wind but it’s direction was controlled by rudder.
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THINK OUT OF THE BOX!
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THINK OUT OF THE BOX!
Base on this picture, how can oil be at the water surface even
though they have the same amount of weight?
What kind of principles is involves here?
How can you relate this concept with the
airship?
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CRITICAL THINKING!!
WHY AIRSHIP CANNOT BECOME AN AIRLINER??
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Destruction of Zeppelin’s Airship
The zeppelin’s airship named “Hindenburg” explodes, May 6, 1937 at Lakehurst Naval Air Station.
The Hindenburg marked the end of large scale Zeppelin travel.
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WORLD WAR 1: 1914 - 1918
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WW 1 Era is the Key Developments
World War 1 saw the rise of the aircraft as a weapon system and the changing face of war.
The aircraft changed the modern battlefield
De Havilland DH-4 biplane, a British-designed two-seater
bomber mass-produced for use in World War I.
The Sopwith Camel was one of the best-known British fighter airplanes of World
War I.
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WW1: The Era of Military Aircraft
Aircraft use for military. Increased demand for military
aircrafts, more powerful motors and larger aircrafts were developed.
Aerodynamic fuselage design; monoplane, biplane and triplane designs are all considered viable aircraft.
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Types of airplanes
1) Monoplane an aircraft with one main set of wing surfaces. Since the late 1930s it has been the "ordinary" form
for a fixed wing aircraft.
2) Biplane is a fixed-wing aircraft with two main wings. The Wright brothers' Wright Flyer used a biplane
design, as did most aircraft in the early years of aviation.
3) Tri-plane Is a fixed-wing aircraft equipped with three sets of
wings. The best-known triplane is Fokker Dr.I during WW1.
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Types of airplanes
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World War One Aircrafts
During WW 1, pilots became famous for their air to air combats, the most well-known is Red Baron, who shot down 80 planes in air to air combat with several different planes.
Fokker Dr.I replica at the ILA 2006, the "Red Baron" triplane
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Aviation During WW 1: 1914-1918
1916: William Boeing's fascination with aviation leads to
the creation of his own airplane manufacturing business.
Over the next several decades, the company would
evolve into the world's largest commercial airline
manufacturer.
1918: The United States officially establishes air mail
service with flights between New York City, Philadelphia
and Washington D.C.
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The Golden Age: 1919 - 1938
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Golden Age After WW1: (1919-1938)
Aviation focus on Aviation focus on Airmail ServicesAirmail Services Birth of the Birth of the AirlinesAirlines AdvancementAdvancement in aircraft technology. in aircraft technology. Birth of Birth of Commercial AviationCommercial Aviation Birth of Birth of Air Traffic Control Air Traffic Control Charles Lindbergh Charles Lindbergh Made an Historic Made an Historic
FlightFlight Birth of Birth of Instrument Flying Instrument Flying
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Air mail services
It was the Post Office and airmail delivery that gave the commercial airlines their true start.
In the early part of the 20th century, the Post Office had used mostly railroads to transport mail between cities.
By 1925, only seven years after the first official airmail flight, U.S. Post Office airplanes were delivering 14 million letters and packages a year and were maintaining regular flight schedules.
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1925: Contract Act of 1925 (Kelly Act)
Congress passes the Air Mail Act of 1925 (also known as the Kelly Act), permitting the government to hire private air carriers to deliver the mail.
The government contracts that were subsequently awarded helped determine which airlines would dominate commercial aviation - airlines including United Airlines, American Airlines and TWA.
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THINK OUT OF THE BOX
Even during the initial stage, civil aircraft were used mostly to carry post materials. But the pilots dared not fly at night due to obvious reasons. What were the reasons?
How did the problems solved?
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1921: Birth of Rotating Beacons
In 1921, the Army deployed rotating beacons in a line between Columbus and Dayton, Ohio, a distance of about 80 miles.
The beacons, visible to pilots at 10-second intervals, made it possible to fly the route at night
Rotating light beacon
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Building of the airways
Airmail routes become Airways Lighted airway beacons—every 10 miles
(1926) Intermediate Airfields - every 50 miles Airway Communication Stations (1928) No ATC
Intermediate Airfield
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Golden Age - Between Wars
Large advancement in aircraft technology. Wood and canvas converts to aluminums. Engine development, In-line water cooled
gasoline engines convert to rotary air cooled engines (increase propulsive power).
After WWI, experienced fighter pilots were eager to show off their new skills.
Air shows sprang up around the country, with air races and acrobatic stunts.
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1926: Ford Tri-motor First all-metal aircraft designed for
passengers
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‘Ford Trimotor’ also called as the “Tin Goose”. Can carried 12/13 passengers and could fly up 6,000
feet (1,829 kilometre), but it’s climb to that altitude was slow, level off, bump around, and drop repeatedly before it reached its cruising altitude.
With no air conditioning and little heating, the plane was hot in summer and cold in winter,
With no circulation system, its environment was made even more unpleasant by the smell of hot oil and metal, leather seats, and disinfectant used to clean up after airsick passengers.
Opening a window was the only way to escape the smell.
1926: Ford’s Tri- motor
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Airline Growth
1927: Long-distance passenger craft developed that had constant radio contact with the ground.
The Lockheed Vega takes to the skies. Allan Lockheed finally finds success with the Lockheed Aircraft Corporation.
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Six people tried to do it but all died.
However, Charles Lindbergh flew solo across the Atlantic ocean successfully.
His journey cover 3,610 miles (5,815km) and took about 33 and 1/2 hours.
1927: Charles Lindbergh First flying across the Atlantic ocean (New York-Paris) in using the Spirit of St. Louis
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Parts of the ‘Spirit of the St. Louis”
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DISCUSSION
Flying based on concept of “See and Avoid” and with no any help of flying instruments, What could be the problems faced by Lindbergh during his historic flight (33 and ½ hours)?
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Charles Lindbergh Impact Aviation became a more established. Aviation becomes respectable and the
popular Lindbergh goes on world tours to promote aviation and Pan-American Airways.
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1929-Birth of Air Traffic Control (ATC)
First airport controller (1929)
Archie League at St. Louis Airport, 1929
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Birth of Air Traffic Control (1929-1933)
Light gun Control tower First radio-equipped
control tower—Cleveland (1930)
Cleveland Airport, Ohio
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1933: Boeing 247- First of the modern airliners
(Boeing 247) developed. It could carry 13 passengers and travel at 155 mph.
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Donald Douglas, the first - and youngest - aeronautical engineers in America
The company's first successful aircraft, the Cloudster, made its first flight on February 24, 1921. Later that year, the company would
change its name to simply The Douglas Company.
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Douglas Airplane: Early Commercial Aviation
(1933): DC-2,12 passengers
(1935): DC-3, 21 passengers
DC-3
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DC-3 first aircraft to make money In 1935, DC-3 first aircraft to make money
carrying passengers rather than mail. It seated 21 passengers and its 1,000
horsepower engine made it possible to fly coast to coast in 16 hours.
It proved air transport could be profitable.
90% of air traffic was flying on these aircraft by 1940.
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Birth of Instrument Flying Jimmy Doolittle’s first “blind flight”
(September 24, 1929)
LFR (Low Frequency Radio Range) Four-Course Navigation System (early 30s) First instrument airways. The end of “see and avoid”
Four-course range station
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Birth of Instrument Flying
New Flying Instruments developed to enable flying during night and bad weather
Visual radio direction finder: Using vibration system to direct the aircraft. The closer the
plane is to the beacon, the more intense the vibration. Artificial horizon:
Showed at what angle the plane was flying in relation to the ground, whether and how the wings were tilted, whether the nose was up, down or level, and to what degree.
Barometric altimeter Showed how far above the ground of a particular field,.
They will sensitively record the time and therefore the distance which a sound or radio impulse travels from a plane to the ground and back.
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Aviation During World War 2 Drastic increase in the of aircraft
development and production Aircraft faster and more maneuverable Stronger in design Weapon systems are more sophisticated Roles are dedicated:
Fighter Bomber Attack Reconnaissane
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Aviation During World War 2 1936: Spitfires (fast maneuverable fighter
airplanes) developed for use in WWII. 1943: Helicopters are mass-produced for
WWII.
Focke-Wulf Fw 190, German fighter plane of
World War II.A Supermarine Spitfire was a typical World War II fighter.
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Question
Even though aircraft flight was discovered in early 1900s, civil aviation did not go into the major industry until after the Second World War in 1945.
WHY?
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1945 – 1991: The Cold War
Most ex-military aircraft were used in the business of transporting people and goods.
Many companies existed, with routes that crossed North America, Europe and other parts of the world.
Heavy and super-heavy bomber airframes (e.g., B-29, Lancaster, DC-3) easily converted into commercial aircraft
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1940s In 1946, The DC-6 was the aircraft that
greatly reduced traveling time with greater comfort for passengers and made air travel economically viable.
1947: Airplanes fly faster than the speed of sound.
1947: Radar is developed to keep track of aircraft from the ground.
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1950s
Further barriers of distance were eliminated in 1948 and 1952 as the first jet crossing of the Atlantic occurred and the first nonstop flight to Australia occurred.
1950s: The airliner begins to replace other means of transportation as the primary means of long-distance travel.
By 1952, the British state airline introduced into service the first jet airliner, the De Havilland Comet (the plane suffered a series of highly public failures)
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1960s
In 1967, the X-15 set the air speed record for an airplane at 4,534 mph or Mach 6.1 (7,297 km/h).
1968: Aircraft are developed that can take off and land vertically, without the use of a runway (Harrier “Jump Jet.”).
1969: The Concorde is developed and used as the first supersonic airliner. (It crosses the Atlantic Ocean in less than 3 hours.)
1969, Boeing came out with its vision for the future of air travel (Boeing 747). This plane is still one of the largest aircraft ever to fly, and it carries millions of passengers each year.
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1970s
Commercial aviation progressed even further in 1976 as British Airways provide supersonic service across the Atlantic (Concorde).
A few years earlier the SR-71 Blackbird had set the record for crossing the Atlantic in under 2 hours.
Lockheed SR71 Blackbird
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1980s
1981: Space Shuttle is developed as a reusable space ship that can land after reentry into Earth’s atmosphere.
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QUESTION?
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION