Lecture 2 – Process Modeling I · · 2015-02-161. Introduction 2. Process Identification 3....

MTAT.03.231 Business Process Management

Lecture 2 – Process Modeling I

Marlon Dumas

marlon.dumas ät ut . ee

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Business Process Lifecycle

1.  Introduction 2.  Process Identification 3.  Essential Process Modeling 4.  Advanced Process Modeling 5.  Process Discovery 6.  Qualitative Process Analysis 7.  Quantitative Process Analysis 8.  Process Redesign 9.  Process Automation 10. Process Intelligence

Purposes of process modeling

Process identification

Conformance and performance insightsConformance and

performance insights

Processmonitoring and controlling

Executable processmodel

Executable processmodel

Processimplementation To-‐be process

modelTo-‐be process

model

Processanalysis

As-‐is processmodel

As-‐is processmodel

Process discovery

Process architectureProcess architecture

Processredesign

Insights onweaknesses and their impact

Insights onweaknesses and their impact

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•  Communication •  Documentation •  Analysis (e.g. simulation)

•  Automation •  Testing

Conceptual

Conceptual

Executable

Business Process Model and Nota6on (BPMN) • OMG standard (nowadays BPMN 2.0) • Supported by numerous tools: bpmn.org lists over 70 tools • Both for conceptual and executable models

BPMN from 10,000 miles…

A BPMN process model is a graph consis6ng of four types of core elements:

activity gateway event sequence flow

A typical order-‐to-‐cash process is triggered by the receipt of a purchase order from a customer. The purchase order has to be checked against the stock regarding the availability of the item(s) requested. Depending on stock availability the purchase order may be confirmed or rejected. If the purchase order is confirmed, an invoice is emiSed and the goods requested are shipped. The process completes by archiving the order or if the order is rejected.

Let’s start modeling Order-‐to-‐cash

BPMN Model

start event

end event

activity

split gateway

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Order-‐to-‐cash

Purchaseorderreceived

end event

Ship goods

Orderrejected

Orderfulfilled

Archiveorder

Check stock

Reject order

Confirm order

Items instock

Items not in stock

Check stock availability

Emit invoice

•  Event: noun + past-‐par6ciple verb (e.g. insurance claim lodged) Naming conven9ons

•  Ac6vity: verb + noun (e.g. assess credit risk)


Reject order

Confirm order

Emit invoice Ship goods

Purchaseorder

receivedItems in

stock

Items not in stock Order

rejected

Orderfulfilled

Archiveorder

Process model vs process instances – The “token game”

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Order #1 Order #2 Order #3

A start event triggers a new process instance by genera6ng a token that traverses the sequence flow (“tokens source”)

An end event signals that a process instance has completed with a given outcome by consuming a token (“tokens sink”)

A liSle bit more on events…

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start event

end event

[…] If the purchase order is confirmed, an invoice is emi:ed and the goods requested are shipped (in any order). The process completes by archiving the order. […]

Order-‐to-‐cash example revisited…

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Reject order

Confirm order


Purchaseorder

receivedItems in

stock


rejected

Orderfulfilled

Archiveorder


Reject order

Confirm order


Purchaseorder

receivedItems in

stock


rejected

Orderfulfilled

Archiveorder


Reject order

Confirm order

Purchaseorder

receivedItems in

stock


rejected

Orderfulfilled

Archiveorder

Emit invoice

Ship goods

First try

split

split join

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Order-‐to-‐cash

XOR-‐split è takes one outgoing branch

XOR-‐join è proceeds when one incoming branch has completed

A liSle more on gateways: XOR Gateway

condition

¬ condition

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An XOR Gateway captures decision points (XOR-split) and points where alternative flows are merged

(XOR-join)

Example: XOR Gateway

5

Invoice checking process

A liSle more on gateways: AND Gateway

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An AND Gateway provides a mechanism to create and synchronize “parallel” flows.

AND-‐split è takes all outgoing branches

AND-‐join è proceeds when all incoming branches have completed

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Example: AND Gateway Airport security check


Reject order

Confirm order

Send invoice

Ship goods

Purchaseorder

receivedItems in

stock


rejected

Orderfulfilled

Archiveorder

Revised order-‐to-‐cash process model

XOR-split

AND-split AND-join

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A company has two warehouses that store different products: Amsterdam and Hamburg. When an order is received, it is distributed across these warehouses: if some of the relevant products are maintained in Amsterdam, a sub-‐order is sent there; likewise, if some relevant products are maintained in Hamburg, a sub-‐order is sent there. Agerwards, the order is registered and the process completes.

Between XOR and AND

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Order distribu9on process

Solu6on 1

XOR-split XOR-join

AND-split AND-join

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Solu6on 2

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XOR-split XOR-join

AND-split AND-join

OR Gateway

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An OR Gateway provides a mechanism to create and synchronize n out of m parallel flows.

OR-‐split è takes one or more branches depending on condi6ons OR-‐join è proceeds when all ac9ve incoming branches have completed

cond1

condn

Solu6on using OR Gateway

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What join type do we need here?

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Beware: Beginner’s Mistake…

Guidelines: Naming Conventions

1.  Give a name to every event and task 2.  For tasks: verb followed by business object name and

possibly complement •  Issue Driver Licence, Renew Licence via Agency

3.  For message events: object + past participle •  Invoice received, Claim settled

4.  Avoid generic verbs such as Handle, Record… 5.  Label each XOR-split with a condition

•  Policy is invalid, Claim is inadmissible

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One more guideline…

• Model in blocks •  Pair up each AND-split with an AND-join and each XOR-split with a XOR-

join, whenever possible •  Exception: sometimes a XOS-split leads to two end events – different

outcomes (cf. order management example)

Rework and repe66on Address ministerial correspondence In the minister’s office, when a ministerial inquiry has been received, it is registered into the system. Then the inquiry is inves6gated so that a ministerial response can be prepared. The finaliza6on of a response includes the prepara6on of the response itself by the cabinet officer and the review of the response by the principal registrar. If the registrar does not approve the response, the laSer needs to be prepared again by the cabinet officer for review. The process finishes only once the response has been approved.

XOR-join: entry point XOR-split: exit point

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Quick Note: Implicit vs. explicit gateways

A

B

C

B

C

A=

A

B

C

A

B

C=

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What’s this process doing?

Collectmail

New mailarrived

Sortmail

Registermail

Checkmail for

compliance

Compile documentrequisition

Capture matter details

Acceptable

Not acceptable

Pay fee Capture party details

Printphysical file

Prepare document response

Documentrequisitioncompiled

Documentresponseprepared

Physicalfile

printed

New emailarrived

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What’s wrong with this model? How to fix it?

X

Informa6on Ar6facts

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When? Flows

Gateways

Which?

Data / Materials

What? Tasks Events

Who? Organization

Process Modelling Viewpoints

Lanes & Pools

Data Objects, Stores

Organiza6onal Elements in BPMN – Pools & Lanes

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Pool Captures a resource class. Generally used to model a business party (e.g. a whole company)

Pool

Pool

Lane

Lane

LaneLane

Lane A resource sub-class within a pool. Generally used to model departments (e.g. shipping, finance), internal roles (e.g. Manager, Associate), software systems (e.g. ERP, CRM)

Order-‐to-‐cash process with lanes

A Message Flow represents a flow of information between two process parties (Pools)

Message

Message Flow

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Pool 2

Poo

l 1

Poo

l 2P

ool 1

Send

Receive

Send Receive

A Message Flow can connect: •  directly to the boundary of a Pool è captures an informative message

to/from that party •  to a specific activity or event within that Pool è captures a message

that triggers a specific activity/event within that party

Order-‐to-‐cash process with a black-‐box customer pool

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1.  The Sequence Flow cannot cross the boundaries of a Pool 2.  Both Sequence Flow and Message Flow can cross the

boundaries of Lanes 3.  A Message Flow cannot connect two flow elements within

the same pool

Pools, Lanes and Flows: syntac6c rules

Which?

Data / Materials

Process Modelling Viewpoints

Data Objects, Stores

The purchase order document serves as an input to the stock availability check. Based on the outcome of this check, the status of the document is updated, either to “approved” or “rejected”. If the order is approved, an invoice and a shipment no6ce are produced.

Order-‐to-‐cash process, again

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Confirm order

Reject order

Send invoice

Ship goodsPurchase

orderreceived

Items not in stock

Items instock

Orderrejected

Orderfulfilled

Archiveorder

PurchaseOrder

Invoice


Confirm order

Reject order

Send invoice

Ship goodsPurchase

orderreceived

Items not in stock

Items instock

Orderrejected

Orderfulfilled

Archiveorder

Model with informa6on ar6facts

PurchaseOrder

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PurchaseOrder

[checked]

PurchaseOrder

[rejected]

PurchaseOrder

[approved]

PurchaseOrder

Shipmentnotice

Warehouse DB

Orders DB

PurchaseOrder

A Data Object captures an ar6fact required (input) or produced (output) by an ac6vity.

•  Can be physical or electronic

BPMN Informa6on Ar6facts

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Emitinvoice

Purchaseorder

Invoice

Retrieve client information

Oracle CRM Client info

A Data Store is a place containing data objects that must be persisted beyond the dura6on of a process instance. It is used by an ac6vity to store (as output) or retrieve (as input) data objects.

A Text Annota;on is a mechanism to provide addi6onal text informa6on to the model reader

•  Doesn’t affect the flow of tokens through the process

Quick Note: BPMN Text Annota6ons

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Clear vendor line items

For blocked invoices

Ship goods

Includes packaging

BPMN Poster (link in “Readings” page)

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Lecture 2 – Process Modeling I · · 2015-02-161. Introduction 2. Process Identification 3....

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Transcript of Lecture 2 – Process Modeling I · · 2015-02-161. Introduction 2. Process Identification 3....