8/7/2019 Lecture 1_A Brief History of Psychology

1/13

8/7/2019 Lecture 1_A Brief History of Psychology

2/13

` Psychology is all around usA nd it is not only about abnormal behavior

` E ach of us is a psychologistW e observe, talk with others, and introspect

` W e all have lay beliefs of psychologyH ow do you define psychology?W hat do psychologists do?W hat sh ould psychologists focus on?

8/7/2019 Lecture 1_A Brief History of Psychology

3/13

` Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and themind

Psychology is a scie ncex E mpirical, theoretical, and applied psychologists

Psychology is the study of b ehavi or x A ny activity that can be observed, recorded, or measured

Psychology is the study of t he m i nd x C onscious and unconscious mental statesx Not observable, so inferred from behavior

Psychology is the science of mental life(James, 1890)

8/7/2019 Lecture 1_A Brief History of Psychology

4/13

` Psychology grew out of biology and philosophy

W hat is biology?

W hat is philosophy?

W hat is psychology?x Infers mental life through observing behavior

8/7/2019 Lecture 1_A Brief History of Psychology

5/13

` S ocrates (470-399 BCE )

` Plato and A ristotle

` H ippocrates (460-377 BCE )

` Galen (130-200 CE )H umor theory of personality

8/7/2019 Lecture 1_A Brief History of Psychology

6/13

` Ren Descartes (1596-1650)Dualismx T he body, but not the mind, can be studied scientifically

` T homas H obbes (1588-1679)M onismx Both the body and the mind can be studied scientifically

8/7/2019 Lecture 1_A Brief History of Psychology

7/13

` H ermann von H elmholtz (1821-1894)A diehard reductionist

` E mil Kraepelin (1856-1926)L ikened mental disorders to physical illness

` Jean C harcot (1825-1893)C ould cure nervous disorders with hypnosis

8/7/2019 Lecture 1_A Brief History of Psychology

8/13

` W ilhelm W undt (1879), University of L eipzig

F irst laboratory dedicated to thescientific study of the mind A toms of the mindM any famous studentsx G. S tanley H allx James M cKeen C attellx H ugo M nsterberg

` Psychology splits into different branchesS tructuralism, F unctionalism, the Gestalt A pproach, Behaviorism,Psychoanalysis

8/7/2019 Lecture 1_A Brief History of Psychology

9/13

` S tructuralismE dward Bradford T itchener x S tructural elements of the mindx Introspection as scientific method

x H ow used?x W hy unreliable?

` F unctionalismW illiam Jamesx Processes that underlie behavior, and why they evolved

8/7/2019 Lecture 1_A Brief History of Psychology

10/13

` T he rise of the unconsciousO rigins of psychoanalysisx S igmund F reud

` No longer only the science of mental lifeO rigins of behaviorismx E dward L . T horndikex Ivan Pavlovx John B. W atsonx B. F . S kinner

Psychology as a behaviorist views it is a purely objectiveexperimental branch of natural science. Its theoretical goal is theprediction and control of behavior. ( W atson, 1913)

8/7/2019 Lecture 1_A Brief History of Psychology

11/13

` T he third force in psychologyO rigins of humanistic psychologyx A braham M aslowx C arl R ogers

` T he cognitive revolutionO rigins of cognitive psychologyx C ognition refers to the mental processes that intervene

between a stimulus and a response

8/7/2019 Lecture 1_A Brief History of Psychology

12/13

` Nature vs. Nurture` S imilarity vs. Distinctiveness` Inherently Good vs. Inherently E vil` R ational vs. Irrational` F ree W ill vs. Determinism` C onsistency vs. Variability in Behavior ` C onstancy vs. Development

8/7/2019 Lecture 1_A Brief History of Psychology

13/13

` Basic research

` A pplied research

`A helping professionC ounselors

C linical psychologistsPsychiatrists

` O pen and inclusive

` R efined research methods