Lecture 13 - University of Colorado Boulder · Lecture 21: Tuesday Nov 13 ... –Climate, water,...
Transcript of Lecture 13 - University of Colorado Boulder · Lecture 21: Tuesday Nov 13 ... –Climate, water,...
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Geography 1001:
Climate & Vegetation
Instructor: Andrés Holz
Lecture 21: Tuesday Nov 13
• Logistics
– Lab K reading
– Midterm
• Today: Review for Midterm II
Lecture 13
• Global Climate Classification �� Vegetation at global scale
• Eco-logy & Bio-geography – Based on the scale of analysis� different disciplines
• Communities– Def.: Animal populations �interactions� Plant populations characterized by • 1) Physical appearance
• 2) Richness (species present)
• 3) Abundance of each species
• 4) Complex patterns of interdependence
• 5) Trophic (feeding) structure
Lecture 13
• Difference between
– Habitat (Environment where an organism
resides & Requirements in term of nutrients)
– Niche (function or role of an organism & the
way an organism obtain and sustain the factors
it needs to survive);
• e.g. red-winged blackbird� reproductive niche
• & between
– Generalists and specialists?
Lecture 13
• Plants: The Essential Biotic component …Why?
• Energy flow in Ecosystems:– Photosynthesis, NPP, & Biomass
• Abiotic Ecosystem Components– Climate, water, minerals, insolation, heat E released
– Life zones
• Limiting Factors– One abiotic component that most inhibit biotic operation, through either its lack or excess
Limiting factors –
Temperature and Precipitation
Figure 19.8
Lecture 13
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Limiting factor
Lecture 13
Life Zones & Plant
Life Forms
Lecture 13
19.01
1) community
2) habitat
3) biome
4) life zone
A __________ is formed by interactions
among populations of living flora and fauna,
and is a subdivision of an ecosystem.
19.01
1) community
2) habitat
3) biome
4) life zone
A __________ is formed by interactions
among populations of living flora and fauna,
and is a subdivision of an ecosystem.
19.02
1) chlorophyll
2) light saturation
3) the compensation point
4) net photosynthesis
The difference between photosynthetic
production and respiration loss in plants is
called __________.
19.02
1) chlorophyll
2) light saturation
3) the compensation point
4) net photosynthesis
The difference between photosynthetic
production and respiration loss in plants is
called __________.
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19.03
1) oxygen cycles
2) floral inhibitors
3) limiting factors
4) tolerance ranges
The lack of water in desert climates or the low
temperatures at high elevations are called
__________ because they inhibit plant growth.
19.03
1) oxygen cycles
2) floral inhibitors
3) limiting factors
4) tolerance ranges
The lack of water in desert climates or the low
temperatures at high elevations are called
__________ because they inhibit plant growth.
19.06
1) Lack of disruption
2) High photosynthesis rates
3) Greater biodiversity
4) Greater biomass
__________ in an ecosystem results in
greater stability and greater productivity. 19.06
1) Lack of disruption
2) High photosynthesis rates
3) Greater biodiversity
4) Greater biomass
__________ in an ecosystem results in
greater stability and greater productivity.
19.08
1) producers
2) consumers
3) heterotrophs
4) zooplankton
Organisms that are capable of using
carbon dioxide as their sole source of
carbon are called __________.
19.08
1) producers
2) consumers
3) heterotrophs
4) zooplankton
Organisms that are capable of using
carbon dioxide as their sole source of
carbon are called __________.
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19.09
1) food webs
2) primary productivity
3) eutrophication
4) photosynthesis
The consumption of grain-fed beef in
developed countries has led to inefficient
__________ throughout the world.
19.09
1) food webs
2) primary productivity
3) eutrophication
4) photosynthesis
The consumption of grain-fed beef in
developed countries has led to inefficient
__________ throughout the world.
PhysiognomyLecture 14
• Ecosystems essentials II
– Life Zones & Plant Life Forms
(Physiognomy): Raunkiaer life forms
(based on perennating bud)
• Phanerophytes
• Chamaephytes
• Hemicryptophytes
• Therophytes
• Geophytes
Lecture 14
• Biotic Ecosystem Operations
– Producers, Consumers, and Decomposers• autotrophs and heterotrophs
– Difference between Food Chains and Food Webs?
– Efficiency in a Food Web
– Concentration of Pollution in Food Chains
Lecture 14
• Ecosystems essentials II
– Biodiversity
• Definitions
– Species
– Ecosystem
– Genetic
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Lecture 14
• Species diversity
• Ecosystem diversity
• Genetic diversity
• BioDiversity = richness*abundance*genes*habitat diversity
Definition of biodiversityDefinition of biodiversitySpecies-Area Curves
Small------------------------------------------------Large
Size of area
Number of species
Low---------------------------High
Lecture 14
Latitudinal gradients
0-------------------------------------------------------90
Latitude
Number of species
Low---------------------------High
Lecture 14
Intermediate disturbance hypothesis
Low---------------------------------------------------High
Disturbance
Number of species
Low---------------------------High
Lecture 14
Lecture 15
• Review: Ecosystems and
Succession
– Ecosystem Stability
– Biodiversity
• Function
– Intrinsic & anthropocentric values
– Economic benefits
– (Un)Stable crop production (Ireland)
– Bio/Eco-tourism
– Future potential
Lecture 15
• Review: Ecosystems and
Succession
– Ecosystem Stability
– Biodiversity
• Function
• Current Trends
– Habitat loss
– Species Introduction
– Over hunting
– Climate change
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Lecture 15
• Review: Ecosystems and
Succession
– Ecosystem Stability
– Biodiversity
– Ecological Succession
• Definition
• Terrestrial Succession
– Primary
– Secondary
Lecture 15
• Review: Ecosystems and
Succession
– Ecosystem Stability
– Biodiversity
– Ecological Succession and
Vegetation dynamics
• Terrestrial Succession
• Successional processes (& pathways)
– Relay floristics / Facilitation
– Initial floristic composition /
Tolerance
– Inhibition
Relay floristics / Facilitation Initial floristic composition / Tolerance
Inhibition
Photo: D. Kulakowski
Competition Disturbance
Stress
Competitive Strategy
e.g. Tropical forest
Stress-tolerant
strategy; e.g. Deserts
or Tundra
Ruderal strategy; Chaparral or
Rockies Conifer Forests
Primary Strategies in Plants in response to:
a) limiting factors (stress) & b) disturbance
(Grime’s Triangle)
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Lecture 16
Review:
• Ecological Succession
– Forest development (4 stages)
• Stand initiation
• Stem exclusion
• Understory reinitiation
• Old growth
– Comparison between Early-
versus Late-Stages of succession
(of Forest Development)
• Attributes & Characteristics
HighLowPlant Species Diversity
LowHighRate of Net Primary Productivity
GreatMinorRole of Decomposers in Cycling
Nutrients to Plants
Living Biomass
and LitterLitter and SoilSite of Nutrient Storage
HighLowPhotosynthetic Efficiency of Dominant
Plants at Low Light
Poorly dispersedWell dispersedSeed Dispersal Characteristics of
Dominant Plants
LongShortPlant Longevity
LargeSmallPlant Biomass
Late Stages of
Succession
Early Stages of
Succession Attribute
Lecture 16
Review:
• Ecological Succession
– Gap phase dynamics
• Tree regeneration is dependent on
canopy openings
– Continuous regeneration mode
(more rare)
• Shade tolerant species can complete
their life cycle beneath a relatively
closed forest canopy.
Lecture 16
Review:
• Vegetation dynamics concepts
– A bit of history (Clements versus
Gleason):
• Clements
– High degree of integration in a plant
community, as a complex organism, that
is discrete, repeatable, and recognizable
– Succession is a highly predictable
sequence of “life stages” of an
organisms called community, which
develops into a stable, endpoint called
climax
Lecture 16
Review:
• Vegetation dynamics concepts
– A bit of history (Clements versus
Gleason):
• Gleason
– Plant community is not discrete, or easily
recognized. Thus, vegetation cannot be
perfectly classified
– Dispersal of seeds and recruitment
occurs at different rates; Site acts as a
filter so that only certain species can
survive at a particular site
– Succession is not highly predictable as
Clements argued.
Vegetation Dynamics &
Climax Concepts
• A bit of history of theory (Clements versus Gleason)
• “Recent” recognition of role of disturbances, which interrupt the succession, provided framework to interpret studies that disagree with climax.
• Historical Shift from climax/ equilibrium to non-equilibrium ideas (late 1970s-mid1980s)
Lecture 16
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Vegetation Dynamics Concepts
• Frequent
disturbances
promote spatial
heterogeneity
Lecture 16
Photo: D. Kulakowski
Patch dynamics
Lecture 17
Review:
• Fire Ecology– Influences on fires
• Fuels
• Weather
• Topography
– Fire Regime and Types of Fire• Size
• Intensity
• Severity (Fire severity is a fire effect used as substitute for intensity)
– Low, High, & Mixed severity
• Frequency
» Frequent & Severity relationship
Influences on fires - Topography
Fast
Slow
Frequency
Infrequent---------------------------Frequent
Frequency
Severity
Low------------------High
Lecture 17
Review:
• Fire Ecology
– Fire Regime and Types of Fire
• Three basic fire types:
– Surface fires
– Ground fires
– Crown fires (a fire that burns in the
canopy of live and dead foliage and
branches)—three types:
» Active, Passive, & Independent
Crown Fire
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Lecture 17
Review:
• Fire Ecology
– Plant adaptations to fires
• Avoid fire damage
– Fire-resistant foliage (e.g. low resin
content)
– Thick fire-resistant bark
– Evanescent lower branches
• Recover following fire damage
– Sprouting behavior
• Colonize after fire
» Post-fire germination (scarification of
seed, ability to germinate and survive
in open post-fire sites)
» Cone serotiny
Lecture 17
Review:
• Fire Ecology– Fire suppression
• Healthy Forest Restoration Act
• Fire frequency and fire suppression
• Main points
– Human perceptions of ecosystems are often on time scales that are shorter that these fluctuations
– Ecosystems are dynamic and change is to be expected
– There is no single snapshot that can describe how a healthy ecosystem should look
– The same restoration strategies should not be applied across the country ‘s different ecosystems
Fire frequency and fire suppression
1700 1800 1900 2000
Year
Frequent fires:
Infrequent fires:
Lecture 18Review:
• What is a biome?
– Large (global patterns), stable terrestrial ecosystem
characterize by a specific plant and animal communities, yet
named after dominant vegetation
– Biomes can have disjunctive or separate distributions, yet are
assemblages of different, but similar looking species
– Rooted in the idea of “climax vegetation” **Climax = final
steady state; however, most ecologists think of ecosystems as
dynamic, rather than reaching a stable state. Thus, Biomes
integrate concepts like disturbance and the modification of
disturbance regimes by humans
Lecture 18Review:
• Criteria and/or Characteristics
in different biomes
– Vegetation structure: shape,
layers
– Productivity (Biomass)
– Biodiversity
– Distribution: geographic extent
– Climate: temperature and
precipitation trends
– Soils
– Disturbance regimes
Lecture 18Review:
• Biomes
– Forested
• Tropical Rainforest
• Midlatitude Deciduous Forest
• Needle leaf Forest
• Temperate Rain Forest
– Non-Forested
• Mediterranean Shrublands
• Grasslands
• Deserts
• Tundra
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Lecture 18Review:
• Equatorial and Tropical Rain
Forests
– Veg Structure:
• Complex
• multi-layered
• large bases & shallow roots
• Sparse understory (not much light)
• Epiphytes and Lianas
• Very high biomass and productivity
• Very high in biodiversity
Lecture 18Review:
• Equatorial and Tropical Rain
Forests
– Soils are nutrient poor
– Distribution: ~0-20 N & S lat
– Climate
• Low daylight variation
• High insolation
• Lots of precipitation
• Year round warm temperatures
• No distinct seasons
• Tropical Seasonal Forest and Scrub
Lecture 18Review:
• Equatorial and Tropical Rain
Forests
– Disturbance
• Natural
– blow-down, not much fire
• Human: Forest clearing
– Slash and burn agriculture
– Lots of erosion (poor & shallow
soils!)
– Forested Vegetation tends not to
come back (only after hundreds to
couple of thousands of year)
Lecture 18Review:
• Mid-latitude Broadleaf Deciduous
Forests
– Adapted to distinct seasons, plentiful
moisture, summer high precipitation
– Structure
• Moderately complex
• Mainly deciduous trees
• Species: Maple, Oak, Beech, pine,
hemlock
• A few vines and shrubs
• Many herbs (spring ephemerals)
– Ephemeral means brief
– Concentrate growth and flowering in early
spring before leaves come out
– Takes advantage of sunlight
Lecture 18Review:
• Mid-latitude Broadleaf
Deciduous Forests
– High biomass and biodiversity,
but less than tropical rain forests
– Soils are “average”. Fairly nutrient
poor.
– Distribution
• Central Europe, East coastal Asia, &
East coast US
– Climate
• Distinct, predictable seasons
• Cold winters, warm summers
• Max precipitation in summer
Lecture 18Review:
• Mid-latitude Broadleaf
Deciduous Forests
– Disturbance
• Treefall Gaps (winds���� Hurricanes)
• Infrequent fires
• Floods (Floodplain forests)
• Insects and disease
• Humans: logging, clearing for
agriculture, development
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Lecture 18Review:
• Needle-leaf Evergreen Forests
Adapted to harsh conditions: cold, snow, periods of drought, and unexpected weather changes– Structure
• Not complex
• Lacks sub-canopy
• Canopy is open to dense
• Species: Spruce/Fir, Pine, Larch
• Understory: dense to little or none, shrubs, herbs and small trees
• Low diversity, Low productivity
• Biomass varies: (Sequoias vs. lodgepole pine)
Two types of Needle-leaf Forests
Montane Forests
• Found at higher
elevations
• Range of types from
open pine forests to
denser spruce/fir
• Growing season may
or may not be long
Boreal Forests
• Found only in
northern hemisphere
• 45-65 North Latitudes
• Band across the
globe: circumboreal
• Short growing season
• Mainly spruce/fir
Lecture 18Review:
• Needle-leaf Evergreen Forests
– Climate
• Climate can be harsh: cold, lots of
snow, periods of drought
• Climate can be variable, especially in
montane forests (warm days in
winter, early/late season snows
Lecture 18Review:
• Needle-leaf Evergreen Forests
– Disturbance
• Natural Disturbance
– Wind (big blow down events)
– Fire (varies in intensity and frequency)
– Insect outbreaks
– Human Disturbance– Logging
– Changes in Fire regime (accelerating or
slowing down)
– Development (housing, mining)
Needle-leaf Forests
• Question: how are needle-leaf evergreen
trees adapted to harsh, variable
environments?
• Evergreen: can utilize sunlight any time of
year
• Needle-leaf: better at shedding snow and
wind, deal with dry conditions better than
broadleaves
Lecture 19Review:
Temperate Rain Forests
• Huge trees, moderate
maritime climate, lots of
precipitation
– Structure
• Tall, dense canopy of needle-&
small broad-leaf evergreens
• Deciduous &/or evergreen sub-
canopy
• High biomass and productivity
• Not much canopy diversity. Higher
sub-canopy diversity
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Lecture 19Review:
Temperate Rain Forests
• Huge trees, moderate
maritime climate, lots of
precipitation
– Distribution
• West Coasts: Northern California to
SE Alaska
• Southern tip of New Zealand
• Southern Chile (mixed evergreen
needle-leaf and broadleaf evergreen
trees)
Lecture 19Review:
Temperate Rain Forests
• Huge trees, moderate
maritime climate, lots of
precipitation
– Climate
• “Marine West Coast”
• Lots of precipitation, winter high.
• Drier summers
• Mild temps (oceanic influence):
Lecture 19Review:
Temperate Rain Forests
• Huge trees, moderate maritime climate, lots of precipitation– Disturbance
• Windfall
– Nursery logs
• Infrequent fire, only in extreme dry years
• Infrequent landslide due
– to extreme precipitation
– earthquakes
– Volcano eruptions
• Humans: Logging, Clearing for development
Lecture 19Review:
Non-Forested Biomes
• Mediterranean Shrublands
– Structure
• Shrubs
• Dominant species: Chamise,
Ceanothus, Mountain Mahogany,
Oaks
• “Sclerophyllous” Vegetation: hard
leathery leaves
• Leaves are evergreen or drought-
deciduous and generally very small
Lecture 19Review:
Non-Forested Biomes
• Mediterranean Shrublands
– Mediterranean Shrublands: Structure
Two different types in California
• Coastal Sage Scrub: 2-layered
– Shrubs = 1 m tall spaced far apart
– Lots of grasses and forbs “understory”
– Located along the coast (low elevation)
• Chaparral: a thick wall of shrubs
– 2 to 5 dominant shrub species
– Lacks much understory in mature stage
– Located at higher elevations than C.S.S.
Lecture 19Review:
Non-Forested Biomes
• Mediterranean Shrublands
– Distribution
• 5 disjunct locations
located on west coasts of
continents between 30-40 degrees
latitude
– Southern California: Chaparral,
C.S.S.
– South America (Chile): Matorral
– Australia: Heath
– South Africa: Fynbos
– Mediterranean Sea: Maquis or
Matorral
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Lecture 19Review:
Non-Forested Biomes
• Mediterranean Shrublands
– Climate
• Winter high in precipitation
• Definite summer drought
• Temperatures mild in winter, mild to
hot in summer
• Similar patterns to Temperate Rain
Forest
Lecture 19Review:
Non-Forested Biomes
• Mediterranean Shrublands
– Disturbance
• Landslides, Floods
• Fire is very important!
• Frequent fires
• Re-sprouting shrubs (quick return
interval)
• “Fire Followers”
• Human disturbances: clearing for
development, changing fire regime
(suppression vs acceleration)
Lecture 20Review:
Non-Forested Biomes
• Deserts
Characterized by very low
precipitation
– Distribution
• Subtropical High Pressure Zones
(20-35 degrees N and S)
• Rainshadow areas of Mountain
Ranges
Lecture 20Review:
Non-Forested Biomes: Deserts
– Warm Deserts• Lower latitudes, warmer
temperatures
• Subtropical High Pressure Zones
• Moderately Complex Structure
– Shrub layer
– Annual grasses and forbs (after
rains)
– “Tree” layer: Saguaro cacti, Joshua
Trees
• Moderate biodiversity
• Low productivity, low biomass
Lecture 20Review:
Non-Forested Biomes: Deserts
• Cold Deserts
– Cold Winters, Warm Summers
– Rainshadow Deserts
– Low diversity, productivity, and
biomass
– Lacks a “tree” layer
– Few cacti
– Dominated by shrubs and
grasses
Review: Non-Forested Biomes: Deserts
Case studies of North American Deserts
DistributionDistributionPrecipitation regimePrecipitation regimeType of Type of
DesertsDeserts
Arizona, California, Northern MexicoTwo precipitation highs
Summer & Winter
WarmSonoran
Rainshadow desert; Eastern Oregon, Nevada,
Utah, parts of Idaho and Wyoming
Winter highColdGreat Basin
Southeastern California, Southern Nevada,
Northwestern Arizona
Winter highWarm/ColdMojave
Texas, New Mexico, Northern MexicoSummer high precipitation
(Monsoon)
WarmChihuahuan
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Lecture 20Review:
Non-Forested Biomes: Deserts
• Disturbances
– Wind and water erosion
– Flooding during rain events
– Not much fire historically
– Human
• Off road vehicles
• Changes in fire regime
• Grazing
• Mining
Lecture 20Review:
Non-Forested Biomes: Deserts
Invasive Species Case study
• Cheat Grass (Bromus tectorum)
– Grows between shrubs
– Highly flammable
– Shrubs burn, don’t come back
– Cheat Grass thrives with fire
– Sagebrush shrubland � Cheat grass
– A “positive feedback”
Lecture 20Review:
Non-Forested Biomes: Grasslands
• Tallgrass vs. Shortgrass prairie: A precipitation gradient
Drier than
Tall Grass
Prairie
Wetter than
Short Grass
Prairie
Precipitation Precipitation
regimeregime
Biomass and
productivity
fairly low
Moderate to
low biomass,
but high
productivity
Biomass & Biomass &
ProductivityProductivityHuman Human
inducedinduced--
disturbancedisturbance
Soils Soils
qualityqualityFire regimeFire regimeType of Type of
GrasslandGrassland
Grazing and
agriculture
(irrigation
needed)
Not as rich
as tall grass
Less fire because
less fuelShortgrass
Dominated by
agriculture
Best soils in
the world
(Mollisols)
Historically
maintained by fire
(2-4 year interval)
Without fire, may
become a
deciduous forest
Tallgrass
Question: Why might remnant tall grass
prairie exist near Boulder?
• Irrigation ditches
• (Soil is 50% rock, so half as much
precipitation = same soil moisture level)
Lecture 20Review:
Non-Forested Biomes: Tundra
• Properties
– Vegetation consists of grasses, sedges, forbs, and low
shrubs (willows)
– Biomass and productivity are low
– Biodiversity is low/moderate
– Vegetation adapted to extreme cold
Lecture 20Review: Non-Forested Biomes: Tundra
– Arctic vs. Alpine Tundra
High
Usually low
ElevationElevation
Low/Med/High
High
LatitudeLatitude DisturbanceDisturbanceTemperatuTemperatu
re rangere range
Precipitation Precipitation
regimeregime
Type of Type of
TundraTundra
WindLarge temp
range
Precipitation
tends to be high
(mountain
snows)
Alpine
Permafrost
(active layer)
thawing, fires
Large
temperatur
e ranges
Precipitation
may be lowArctic
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• Question: What is the fundamental
environmental difference between
arctic and alpine tundra?
• Insolation: Alpine tundra can be found
at any latitude, so it can have high
levels of solar radiation
Altiplano or High Plateau, Chile �
Photo: A. Holz
20.01
1) Warm Desert and Semidesert
2) Cold Desert and Semidesert
3) Midlatitude Grasslands
4) Tropical Seasonal Forest and Scrub
The __________ biome is associated with sagebrush,
scrub vegetation, low diversity, low productivity and is
located in western North America.
20.01
1) Warm Desert and Semidesert
2) Cold Desert and Semidesert
3) Midlatitude Grasslands
4) Tropical Seasonal Forest and Scrub
The __________ biome is associated with sagebrush,
scrub vegetation, low diversity, low productivity and is
located in western North America.
20.02
1) Warm Desert and Semidesert
2) Cold Desert and Semidesert
3) Arctic and Alpine Tundra
4) Midlatitude Grasslands
At lower latitudes, the __________ biome
occurs only at high altitudes.
20.02
1) Warm Desert and Semidesert
2) Cold Desert and Semidesert
3) Arctic and Alpine Tundra
4) Midlatitude Grasslands
At lower latitudes, the __________ biome
occurs only at high altitudes.20.03
1) Midlatitude Broadleaf and Mixed Forest
2) Needleleaf Forestand Montane Forest
3) MediterraneanShrubland
4) Midlatitude Grasslands
The __________ biome is associated with bison, and it is
dominated by either agriculture or grazing due to its great
soils; thus it is the one most modified by human activities.
16
20.03
1) Midlatitude Broadleaf and Mixed Forest
2) Needleleaf Forestand Montane Forest
3) MediterraneanShrubland
4) Midlatitude Grasslands
The __________ biome is associated with bison, and it is
dominated by either agriculture or grazing due to its great
soils; thus it is the one most modified by human activities.
20.04
1) Midlatitude Broadleaf and Mixed Forest
2) Temperate Rainforest
3) Needleleaf Forest and Montane Forest
4) Mediterranean Shrubland
The __________ biome is associated with
simple vegetation structure, low diversity, & low
productivity potential.
20.04
1) Midlatitude Broadleaf and Mixed Forest
2) Temperate Rainforest
3) Needleleaf Forest and Montane Forest
4) Mediterranean Shrubland
The __________ biome is associated with
simple vegetation structure, low diversity, & low
productivity potential.
20.05
1) Equatorial and Tropical Rainforest
2) Tropical Seasonal Forest and Scrub
3) Tropical Savanna
4) Midlatitude Broadleaf and Mixed Forest
The __________ biome is associated with few
vines and shrubs, and various ephemeral herbs
during spring.
20.05
1) Equatorial and Tropical Rainforest
2) Tropical Seasonal Forest and Scrub
3) Tropical Savanna
4) Midlatitude Broadleaf and Mixed Forest
The __________ biome is associated with few
vines and shrubs, and various ephemeral herbs
during spring.
20.07
1) alpine tundra
2) arctic tundra
3) cold desertand semidesert
4) mixed forest
This photograph shows __________.
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20.07
1) alpine tundra
2) arctic tundra
3) cold desertand semidesert
4) mixed forest
This photograph shows __________. 20.09
1) Temperate Rainforest
2) Equatorial and Tropical Rainforest
3) Needleleaf Forest and Montane Forest
4) Tropical Seasonal Forest and Scrub
This photograph shows the _______ biome,
which includes the Earth’s tallest trees.
20.09
1) Temperate Rainforest
2) Equatorial and Tropical Rainforest
3) Needleleaf Forest and Montane Forest
4) Tropical Seasonal Forest and Scrub
This photograph shows the _______ biome,
which includes the Earth’s tallest trees. 20.10
1) drought-adapted, and also contains chaparral vegetation
2) characterized by mollisols and high npp
3) characterized by succulents and dry shrubs
4) characterized by lianas and epiphytes as well as grasses
The biome in this photograph is
__________.
20.10
1) drought-adapted, and also contains chaparral vegetation
2) characterized by mollisols and high npp
3) characterized by succulents and dry shrubs
4) characterized by lianas and epiphytes as well as grasses
The biome in this photograph is
__________.