Lecture 12. Non-conventional and advanced building materials · PDF file• Fiber...

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CIV-E1010 Building Materials Technology

Lecture 12. Non-conventional andadvanced building materials

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CIV-E1010 Building Materials TechnologyFahim Al-Neshawy

• Foamed glass aggregates

• Self-healing (bacterial) concrete

• Cellulose insulation material

• Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) composites rebar

• Quick review of some innovative building materials

Lecture contents

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1. Knowledge:ü will be able to learn basic theory about main building- and

construction materials:• material composition / Properties• applications in buildings and structures.

2. Skills:ü be able to make right and well-founded choice of materials

3. General competence:ü Learn about non-conventional and innovative building

materials

Lecture outcomes

FOAMED GLASS

AGGREGATES

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Foamed glass aggregates:ü Obtained from recycled

glassü 1980’sà production was

started in Switzerland andGermany

ü 1990’s à for use as athermal barrier in roadconstruction inScandinavia

Introduction

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1. Waste glass crushingà 6mm

2. Grinding of the crushed glass(Cullet Mill)

3. Sieving of the glass powder

4. Mixing the glass powder with thefoaming materials (silica carbide)

5. Baking of the glass mixtureà950°C

6. Rapid cooling: the foamed glassbreaks up into gravel size pieces

Production process - video

UUSIOAINES OYhttp://www.foamit.fi/

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Properties

http://www.foamit.fi/DowebEasyCMS/?Page=FoamitBrochure

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Properties

Properties Variations recorded intechnical literature

Thermal conductivity- dry 0.10…0.11 W/mK- moist 0.13…0.15 W/mK

Specific thermal capacity 850 J/(kgK)Capillary rise 120…175 mmFreeze/Thaw resistance YESFire resistance YESPossibility to recycle 100 %

http://www.foamit.fi/DowebEasyCMS/?Page=FoamitBrochure

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Structural engineeringü Insulation under ground slabsü Around insulation of basement

wallsü Drainagesü Swimming pool insulationü Terrace insulationü Light loose fillü Industrial roofsü Green roofs and flat roofsü High load bearing roof

constructionsü Floor constructions

Applications

Foundationslab insulation

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Civil engineeringü Light loose fillü Road construction – load bearing

and frost proofü Frost free foundations of paths and

building sitesü Soil stabilizationü Slope stabilizationü DrainageüWater and sewage line

constructionü Thermal insulation of district

heating lines

Applications

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Applications

http://www.misapor.ch/EN/cellular-glass/applications/Passive-houses.html

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Advantagesü 10 times lighter than stone

aggregatesü Highly thermal insulation

from the groundü No capillary formationü Excellent drainageü Repose angle of up to 45

degrees possibleü Thermal insulation prevents

frost damage

Disadvantagesü Inorganic materialà Not

combustibleü Expensiveà about 60 € /

m³

Pros / Cons

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SELF-HEALING

(BACTERIAL)

CONCRETE

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• What is S.H.B.C?ü A new concrete technology

that autonomously repairscracks.

• How does it work?ü Alkaliphilic bacteria added to

concrete matrix.ü Bacteria react to the water

and metabolize crystals,which close the crack andprotect the steel within.

Self healing (bacterial) concrete

Self healingbacterialconcrete

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• Fresh concrete pHà up to 13• Most organisms die in a pH

value of 10 or above.• There are some bacteria that

survive in alkalineenvironments

• These bacteria can be found,for example:ü alkali lakes in Russia,ü carbonate-rich soils in desert

areas of Spainü soda lakes in Egypt.

Bacteria used

Bacillus cohnii

Bacillus filla Bacillus parturii

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Self healing bacterial concrete can be prepared in two ways.

1. By the method of direct applicationü bacterial spores and calcium lactate are added directly

while making the concrete and mixed.ü Here when the crack occurs in the concrete bacterial spores

broke and bacteria comes to life and feed on the calciumlactate and limestone is produced which fill the cracks.

Preparations of bacterial concrete

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2. By encapsulation methodü the bacteria and its food, calcium lactate, are placed inside treated clay

pellets and concrete is madeü About 6% of the clay pellets are added for making bacterial concreteü When concrete structures are made with bacterial concrete, when the

crack occurs in the structure and clay pellets are broken and bacterialtreatment occurs and hence the concrete is healed.

ü Minor cracks about 0.5mm width can be treated by using bacterialconcrete

• Among theses two methods encapsulation method is commonlyused, even though it’s costlier than direct application. Bacillusbacteria are harmless to human life and hence it can be usedeffectively.

Preparation of bacterial concrete

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1. The cracks are formed onthe surface of concretedue to many reasons likeshrinkage, Inadequatewater for hydration …etc.

2. The water is forced intothe crack and the bacteriais activated

Mechanism

1

2

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Ca(C3H5O2)2 + 7O2 → CaCO3 + 5CO2 + 5H2O

3. The activated bacteriaü result in metabolic

conversion of calciumlactate [Ca(C3H5O2)2]into calcium carbonate[CaCO3], limestone

Mechanism

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• The self healing bacterial concrete helps in reduced maintenanceand repair costs of steel reinforced concrete structures.

• Oxygen is an agent that can induce corrosion, as bacteria feedson oxygen tendency for the corrosion of reinforcement can bereduced.

• Self healing bacteria can be used in places where humans find itdifficult to reach for the maintenance of the structures.ü Hence it reduces risking of human life in dangerous areas and

also increases the durability of the structure.• Formation of crack will be healed in the initial stage itself thereby

increasing the service life of the structure than expected life.

Advantages

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• If the volume of self healing agents (bacteria and calciumlactate) mixed becomes greater than 20%, the strength of theconcrete is reduced.

• Preparation of self healing concrete needsbacteria and calcium lactate.ü Preparation of calcium lactate from milk is costlier.ü Hence preparation of self healing concrete costs double than

conventional concrete.

Disadvantages

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Self healing bacterial concretecan be used for sectors such asü tunnel-lining,ü structural basement

walls,ü highway bridges,ü concrete floorsü marine structures.

Applications

Tunnellining

Marinestructure

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CELLULOSE

INSULATION

MATERIAL

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Cellulose insulationü is made by hammer milling

waste paper andcardboards

ü The paper and cardboardsis treated with chemicals,such as boric acid, to retardthe spread of fire.

introduction

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• Roughly 85 % of theinsulation by weight isrecycled wood pulp(newspapers)

• 15 % of the celluloseinsulation by weight is fireretardant (hidastin):ü Ammonium sulfate,ü Boratesü Boric acid

introduction

Cellulose insulation

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1. Loose Fillü either manually pouring in place,

or compressed air blowing inplace

ü insulation into wall or ceilingcavities.

2. Spray-Onü involves compressed air blowing

of cellulose materials that areimpregnated with adhesivesmaterial to the exposed interiorhorizontal and vertical surfacesof walls and ceilings

Installation Methods

Loose Fill

Spray-On

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3. Board stockü involves cellulosic

materials that arecompressed and formedinto rigid boards orpanels.

ü The panels may bemanufactured with orwithout surfacecoatings, facings, ordecorative finishes.

Installation Methods

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Properties of cellulose insulation

Property Cellulose Insulation

Thermal conductivity, λ [W /m . K]0.035 in ceiling cavities0.038 - 0.040 in walls

Thermal resistance at 100mm [K⋅m2/W] 2.632

Specific Heat Capacity [J/(kg.K)] 2020

Density [kg/m3] 27 to 65

Embodied energy [MJ/kg] 0.45

Vapour permeable Yes

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Cellulose insulation is used in:ü Attics: blown to whatever

depth (with properventilation) and there is nojoints to allow heat loss.

ü Packed into wallso allows little air

infiltrationo fire and insect resistant.

• NOT recommended forbasements due to itssensitivity to moisture.

Applications

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Advantagesü Helps reducing the discarded paper

and cardboardü Cellulose is treated with boric acid,

which increases fire resistance,resists mold and insects.

ü Cellulose is generally cheaper thanfiberglass insulation (up to 25%cheaper, in some cases)

ü Higher R-value of cellulose (2.6 per100 mm)

ü The health risks are fewer thanthose from fiberglass.

Disadvantagesü Cellulose insulation creates an

enormous amount of dust when itis installed, so a certified breathingmask is absolutely essential

ü Dry-blown cellulose sags andsettles, reducing its R-value overtime

ü Cellulose insulation absorbsmoisture easilyà cause theinsulation to mold and rot

ü Both dry- and wet-blown celluloseneed a vapor barrier.

Cellulose Insulation Pros and Cons

http://www.solar365.com/green-homes/insulation/cellulose-insulation-pros-cons

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FIBER REINFORCED

POLYMER (FRP)

COMPOSITES REBAR

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• A structural reinforcing barmade from filaments or fibersheld in a polymeric resinmatrix binder.

a) Fibers such as Glass (GFRP)or Carbon (CFRP).

b) Matrix à Polyester, Epoxy,Vinyl Ester

What is FRP rebar?

http://www.fdot.gov/materials/structural/meetings/crrb/4_frprebar.pdf

Fibers Matrix

Provide strengthand stiffness

Protects and transfersload between fibers

• Creates a material with attributes superiorto either component alone!

• fibers and matrix both play critical roles inthe composites material

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Materialsü Glass/ vinylesterü Carbon/ vinylester

Formsü Solid

Surfaceü Ribbedü Sand Coatedü Wrapped and Sand Coatedü Deformed and Helical

Bar sizesü 6 – 32 mm

What is FRP rebar?

Composite (Matrix + Fibers)

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The Pultrusion Process:a process where compositeparts are manufactured by:ü pulling layers of

fibers/fabricsü impregnated with resinü through a heated dieü thus forming the desired

cross-sectional shapewith no part lengthlimitation

Resin types in pultrusion including:ü polyester,ü polyurethane,

ü vinylesterà for rebarü epoxy

Manufacturing process

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Pultrusion Process

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• Type of fiber• Fiber volume• Type of resin• Fiber orientation• Quality control procedures

during manufacturing• Rate of curing• Void content• Service temperature

Factors Affecting Material Characteristics

TensileStrength

ElasticModulus

Strain atBreak

(MPa) (GPa) (%)

Glass FRP 480-1600 35-51 1.2-3.1

Carbon FRP 1720-3690 120-580 0.5-1.9

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Tensile Stress-Strain Characteristics

• Linear elasticbehavior tofailure

• No yielding

• HigherUltimateStrength

• Lower Strainat Failure

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Standards & Specifications

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• Any concrete member susceptible to corrosion by chloride ionsor chemicals

• Any concrete member requiring non-ferrous reinforcement dueto Electro-magnetic considerations

• As an alternative to epoxy, galvanized, or stainless steel rebars

• Where machinery will “consume” the reinforced member ie.Mining and tunneling

• Applications requiring Thermal non-conductivity

Where should FRP rebar be used?


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FRP rebar applications

Sierrita de laCruz Creek

BridgeUSA

Pierce StreetBridge, Lima

OHUSA

Wotton,QuebecCanada

Taylor BridgeManitoba

Canada


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FRP rebar applications


Seawalls

INNOVATIVE

BUILDING

MATERIALS

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Translucent concrete

ü concrete based buildingmaterial with lighttransmissive properties dueto embedded light opticalelementsà optical fibers.

Innovative Building Materials

Shanmugam and Kumar. Innovative building materials - presentation.Department of civil engineering, Thiagarajar polytechnic college

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Solar Panel Roofing Tiles

ü Transform the solar energyinto useable electricity


Shanmugam and Kumar. Innovative building materials - presentation.Department of civil engineering, Thiagarajar polytechnic college

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Nanomaterials

ü When combined with ultra-high-strength concrete,nanomaterials such as CarbonNanotubes (CNTs) create amaterial so strong in bothtension and compression thatsteel rebar is no longerneeded in construction,therefore expediting thebuilding process.


http://architizer.com/blog/material-trends-for-2014-and-beyond/

Kaohsiung National Stadium, China

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Concrete Canvas

ü A flexible cementimpregnated fabric thathardens on hydration to forma thin, durable water proofand fire proof concrete layer.

ü Essentially, it's concrete on aroll Just Add Water.


http://voices.nationalgeographic.com/2013/03/20/concrete-canvas-goes-beyond-fast-deploying-shelters/

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Lecture 12. Non-conventional and advanced building materials · PDF file• Fiber...

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