Lecture 12 Big Five Trait Structure Personality Change...
Transcript of Lecture 12 Big Five Trait Structure Personality Change...
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Psychology 305ALecture 12
Big Trait TaxonomiesPersonality Change and Stability
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Major Trait Taxonomies: Hans Eysenck
• Theoretical approach– Personality taxonomy should be rooted in
biology • PEN: 3 major traits of interest
– Psychoticism (related to testosterone level)– Extraversion (related to central nervous
system arousal)– Neuroticism (related to lability of autonomic
nervous system)
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Eysenck’s PsychoticismPsychoticism
Aggressive Cold Egocentric Impersonal
Impulsive Unempathic Creative Anti-social
Tough-minded
Low end of psychoticism: Impulse control/Agreeableness
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Eysenck’s Extraversion
Extraversion
Sociable Lively Active Assertive
Carefree Dominant Surgent Venturesome
Sensation-seeking
Low end of extraversion continuum: Introversion
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Eysenck’s NeutroticismNeuroticism
Anxious Depressed Tense Irrational
Shy Moody Emotional Low self-esteem
Guilt-feelings
Low end of neuroticism: Emotional Stability
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Circumplex TaxonomiesEysenck’s ‘Big Two’
Neurotic
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Circumplex Taxonomies
• Two broad factors– Extraversion and Neuroticism
• Factors are statistically independent– Your level on one factor does not have any
relation to your level on another factor– Possible to be high E + high N, high E + low N,
low E + low N, or low E + high N
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Circumplex TaxonomiesEysenck’s ‘Big Two’
Neurotic
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How are the 3 broad factors related to each other?
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Problems with PEN
• Not all-inclusive– Other empirical studies found more than 3 factors
• Other traits show heritability– e.g., conscientiousness
• Several other taxonomies developed to address these issues– Cattell’s 16 – Wiggins’ theory of interpersonal traits– The Five Factor Model (FFM)
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The Five-Factor Model (FFM)or “Big 5”
Costa & McCrae (1992); Goldberg (1981)• Openness
– Curious, unconventional, intellectual• Conscientiousness
– Orderly, persistent, traditional• Extraversion
– Exuberant, sociable, assertive• Agreeableness
– Caring, polite, modest• Neuroticism
– Emotional, anxious, aggressive-hostile
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FFM has received most empirical support of any model
• Based on lexical studies of the dictionary– Started with 17,953 trait terms (Allport & Odbert)
• Factor analyses found 5 factors– Replicated MANY times, in many different samples
• Cross-cultural replication• Cross-species replication (e.g., dogs, hyenas, monkeys)
– High correlations between self and other ratings– Genetic links
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Importance of Facets
• Mini-traits within broader traits• e.g., C = Orderliness & Industriousness
– Different predictive validity– Correlate ~r = .50-.70 with factor– Correlate ~r = .30-.60 with other facets– Six per trait (Big Five)– Two per trait
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FFM: Extraversion
Extraversion
Gregariousness Activity level Assertiveness Warmth
Excitement Seeking
Positive Emotions
Extraverts love social attention, are happier, live fast-paced lives, and make good leaders.
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FFM: Agreeableness
Agreeableness
Trust Altruism Modesty Compliance
Straight-forwardness
Tender-mindedness
Agreeable people resolve conflicts, are well-liked and easy to live with, and care about others.
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FFM: Conscientiousness
Conscientiousness
Competence Order Dutifulness Achievement-striving
Self-Discipline Deliberation
Conscientious people work hard in school and jobs, follow rules and norms, and live orderly, planned lives.
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FFM: Neuroticism
Neuroticism
Anxiety Depression Vulnerability Impulsiveness
Self-consciousness
AngryHostility
Neurotic people are highly emotional, have mood swings, have instability in relationships, and are more fatigued.
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FFM: Openness to Experience
Openness
Fantasy Aesthetics Feelings Ideas
Actions Values
Open people remember dreams better, are more creative, enjoy novel experiences, and play with big ideas.
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• Extraversion– PEN Extraversion
• Neuroticism– PEN Neuroticism
• Agreeableness– PEN Psychoticism (low)
• Conscientiousness– PEN Psychoticism (low)
• Openness to Experience– PEN?
• Questions on Big Five?
FFM and PEN
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Personality Stability and Change
1991------------------------------------------------2006
- By definition, traits are stable dispositions across situations & time- Personality not completely “set like plaster”
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Personality Change in College
• Have you increased, decreased, or stayed the same in: – Extraversion: ___– Agreeableness: ___– Conscientiousness: ___– Neuroticism: ___– Openness: ___
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Personality Change in College
• Study compared personality scores at beginning and end of university
• Two Assessments– Year 1 (beginning of first year)
• Students filled out the NEO-Five Factor Inventory– Year 4 (end of senior year)
• Students filled out the NEO-FFI again
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Big Five Dimension Change during university
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Conscientiousness
Neuroticism
Openness
Longitudinal University Study
0
+
+
-+
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I’ve decreased
I’ve stayed the same
I’ve increased
Extraversion (0) 12% 34% 54%
Agreeableness (+) 17% 42% 41%
Conscientiousness (+) 9% 40% 51%
Neuroticism (-) 44% 32% 24%
Openness (+) 10% 35% 55%
Perceived Personality Change
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- 98% of participants perceived they had changed on at least one dimension
- Only 64% of participants actually had changed significantly on at least one dimension
People seem to overestimate how much they’ve changed
Perceived Personality Change
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Personality Change Across Lifespan
• People tend to increase or decrease on certain traits over time– Most change occurs between ages 20-40
• Change follows a maturity principle– People adopt productive social roles
• Work, marriage, community, etc.– Increased O, C, E, A– Decreased N
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Do we ever stop changing?• Costa & McCrae: “After the age of 30,
personality is set in plaster.”• Roberts & Del Vecchio (2000)
– Meta-analysis: Compiled results from all studies EVER done on personality change and development
– Compared “personality consistency” across ages• At which ages was the correlation between P at T1 and P at
T2 highest?
– Consistency increases across age– Peaks in the 50’s (r = .75)
289-12 13-17 18-22 23-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80
Lifespan Cross-Sectional Study
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Lifespan Cross-Sectional Study
2.50
2.70
2.90
3.10
3.30
3.50
3.70
9 to 12 13 to 17 18 to 22 23 to 30 31 to 40 41 to 50 51 to 60 61 to 70 71 to 90
E
9-12 13-17 18-22 23-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80
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Lifespan Cross-Sectional Study
2.50
2.70
2.90
3.10
3.30
3.50
3.70
3.90
4.10
9 to 12 13 to 17 18 to 22 23 to 30 31 to 40 41 to 50 51 to 60 61 to 70 71 to 90
E
A
9-12 13-17 18-22 23-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80
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Lifespan Cross-Sectional Study
2.50
2.70
2.90
3.10
3.30
3.50
3.70
3.90
4.10
9 to 12 13 to 17 18 to 22 23 to 30 31 to 40 41 to 50 51 to 60 61 to 70 71 to 90
E
A
C
9-12 13-17 18-22 23-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80
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Lifespan Cross-Sectional Study
2.50
2.70
2.90
3.10
3.30
3.50
3.70
3.90
4.10
9 to 12 13 to 17 18 to 22 23 to 30 31 to 40 41 to 50 51 to 60 61 to 70 71 to 90
E
A
C
N
9-12 13-17 18-22 23-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80
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Lifespan Cross-Sectional Study
2.50
2.70
2.90
3.10
3.30
3.50
3.70
3.90
4.10
9 to 12 13 to 17 18 to 22 23 to 30 31 to 40 41 to 50 51 to 60 61 to 70 71 to 90
E
A
OC
N
9-12 13-17 18-22 23-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80
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Events Lead to Personality Change
• College– More visits to health center increase in
Neuroticism – Valuing learning (vs. performance) increase in
Openness– Positive interactions with university increase
in Agreeableness– Valuing popularity over academics increase in
Extraversion– Higher GPA increase in Conscientiousness
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• Adulthood– Being married increase in Conscientiousness– Smoking marijuana decrease in
Conscientiousness– Drug rehab (for addicts) decrease in N,
increase in A and C
• Life events require and bring out different personalities
Events Lead to Personality Change
Announcements
• Next Class: The Social Network– October 12 & 14
• Research assistants wanted!– Contact Aaron: [email protected]
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