Lecture 1 Mete 227
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Transcript of Lecture 1 Mete 227
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METE 227 INTRODUCTION
Dr. BLGE MER
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METALLURGICAL & MATERIALS ENGINEERING
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RESEARCH AREAS
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MATERIAL AGES
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Materials
Metals Polymers Ceramics Composites
Materials can be classified according to structural, physical, electrical, optical and magnetic properties, area of use, etc. All these properties are closely related with
bonding type and energies between atoms.
However if a group of material shows close resemblance in all properties we can classify them in one category. So according to this: Metals, Polymers, Ceramics and
Composites can be the general classification of materials.
MATERIALS
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WORLD STEEL PRODUCTION
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THE MERIT OF DEVELOPMENT
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METALS
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CERAMICS
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POLYMERS
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COMPOSITES
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ADVANCED MATERIALS
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Nobel Prize in Physics 2010
Andre Geim Konstantin Novoselov
ADVANCED MATERIALS
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Biomedical Materials and Implants
ADVANCED MATERIALS
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MEMS (Micro-Electrical- Mechanical Systems)
ADVANCED MATERIALS
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To see a World in a Grain of Sand And a Heaven in a Wild Flower, Hold Infinity in the palm of your hand And Eternity in an hour. W. Blake, 1757-1827
ADVANCED MATERIALS
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NANO MATERIALS
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NANO MATERIALS
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is the investigation of the relationship among processing, structure, properties and performance of materials.
MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
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AUTOMOTIVE CHASSIS
2
00
3 B
roo
ks/C
ole P
ub
lishin
g / T
ho
mso
n L
earn
ing
MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
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What is Materials Science and Engineering ?
is the investigation of the relationship among processing, structure, properties and performance of materials.
MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
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MATERIAL RECYCLING & ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
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MATERIAL RECYCLING
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ENVIRONMENT: MATERIAL INPUT & OUTPUT
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1. Pick Application Determine required Properties
2. Properties Identify candidate Material(s)
3. Material Identify required Processing
Processing: changes structure and overall shape ex: casting, sintering, vapor deposition, doping forming, joining, annealing.
Properties: mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical, deteriorative.
Material: structure, composition.
MATERIAL SELECTION PROCESS
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ex: hardness vs structure of steel
Data obtained from Figs. 10.21(a)
and 10.23 with 4wt%C composition,
and from Fig. 11.13 and associated
discussion, Callister 6e. Micrographs adapted from (a) Fig.
10.10; (b) Fig. 9.27;(c) Fig. 10.24;
and (d) Fig. 10.12, Callister 6e.
ex: structure vs cooling rate of steel
Processing can change structure
Cooling Rate (C/s)
100
200
300
400
500
600
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
(a)
30m
(b)
30m
(d)
30m(c)
4m
Ha
rdn
es
s (
BH
N)
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES & APPLICATIONS
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Electrical Resistivity of Copper:
Adding impurity atoms to Cu increases resistivity.
Deforming Cu increases resistivity.
Adapted from Fig. 18.8, Callister 6e. (Fig. 18.8 adapted from: J.O. Linde,
Ann Physik 5, 219 (1932); and C.A. Wert and R.M. Thomson,
Physics of Solids, 2nd edition, McGraw-Hill Company, New York,
1970.)
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES & APPLICATIONS
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Space Shuttle Tiles:
--Silica fiber insulation
offers low heat conduction.
Thermal Conductivity of Copper:
--It decreases when you add zinc!
Fig. 19.0, Callister 6e. (Courtesy of Lockheed
Missiles and Space
Company, Inc.)
Adapted from
Fig. 19.4W, Callister 6e. (Courtesy of Lockheed Aerospace
Ceramics Systems,
Sunnyvale, CA)
Adapted from Fig. 19.4, Callister 6e. (Fig. 19.4 is adapted from Metals Handbook: Properties and Selection: Nonferrous alloys and Pure Metals, Vol. 2, 9th ed., H. Baker, (Managing Editor), American Society for
Metals, 1979, p. 315.)
THERMAL PROPERTIES & APPLICATIONS
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Magnetic Permeability vs. Composition:
--Adding 3 atomic % Si
makes Fe a better
recording medium!
Adapted from C.R. Barrett, W.D. Nix, and
A.S. Tetelman, The Principles of Engineering Materials, Fig. 1-7(a), p. 9, 1973. Electronically reproduced
by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.,
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
Fig. 20.18, Callister 6e. (Fig. 20.18 is from J.U. Lemke, MRS Bulletin, Vol. XV, No. 3, p. 31, 1990.)
Magnetic Storage:
--Recording medium
is magnetized by
recording head.
MAGNETIC PROPERTIES & APPLICATIONS
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Transmittance:
--Aluminum oxide may be transparent, translucent, or
opaque depending on the material structure.
Adapted from Fig. 1.2,
Callister 6e. (Specimen preparation,
P.A. Lessing; photo by J.
Telford.)
single crystal
polycrystal:
low porosity
polycrystal:
high porosity
OPTICAL PROPERTIES & APPLICATIONS
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INTRODUCTION TO MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING (Ch.1) (1/2 week) ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND INTERATOMIC BONDING (Ch.2) (1 week) Atomic Models, Primary and Secondary Interatomic Bonds THE STRUCTURE OF CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS (Ch.3) (3/2 weeks) Crystal Structures, Crystallographic Directions and Planes IMPERFECTIONS IN SOLIDS (Ch.4) (1 week) Point, Linear, Interfacial and Bulk Defects ATOMIC DIFFUSION (Ch.5) (1 week) Diffusion mechanisms, steady state, non-steady state diffusion MECHANICAL PROPERTIES of METALS (Ch.6) (1 week) Elastic Deformation, Plastic Deformation
COURSE CONTENT
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DISLOCATIONS and STRENGTHENING MECHANISMS (Ch.7) (2 weeks) Dislocations and deformation, slip systems, deformation of polycrystalline materials, Strengthening mechanisms in metals, strain hardening FAILURE (Ch.8) (2 weeks) Fracture, fracture mechanics, Fatigue, Crack initiation, Creep CORROSION and DEGRADATION of MATERIALS (Ch.17) (2 weeks) Corrosion of metals, corrosion rates, Environmental effects, Forms of corrosion, Oxidation THERMAL PROPERTIES (Ch.19) (1 week) Thermal expansion, Heat capacity, Thermal conductivity, Thernal stresses, OPTICAL PROPERTIES (Ch.21) (1 week) Opacity, Translucency, Transparency, Refraction, Reflection, Absorption, Transmission Color, Luminescence, Photoconductivity, Lasers, Optical Fibers
COURSE CONTENT
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MetE 229
Subatomic level (Ch 2) Electronic structure of individual atoms that defines interaction among atoms (interatomic bonding).
Atomic level (Chs 2 & 3) Arrangement of atoms in materials (for the same atoms can have different properties, e.g. two forms of carbon: graphite and diamond)
Microscopic structure (Ch. 4) Arrangement of small grains of material that can be identified by microscopy. Macroscopic structure Structural elements that may be viewed with the naked eye.
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Imperfections in Solids
BONDING +
STRUCTURE +
DEFECTS
PROPERTIES
Is it enough to know bonding and
structure of materials to estimate their
macro properties ?
Defects do have a significant impact on the
properties of materials
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COMPLETE DEVICE RESEARCH FLOWCHART
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PERIODIC TABLE
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Basal c-plane
Configuration of Ga and N atoms in wurtzite unit cell
Crystal Planes
GaN
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UV Solar Blind
WAVELENGTH RANGE
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Display & Solid State Lighting Technologies
Space & Energy Technologies
Bio & Medical Technologies
Marine Science & Water purification
Media Storage Technologies
Defense Technologies
III-NITRIDES APPLICATION AREA
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Source: UCSB Engineering Insights 2006, Steven P. DenBaars
GLOBAL WARMING/ENERGY SAVING POTENTIAL
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MBE Molecular Beam Epitaxy
MOCVD Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Phase Deposition
HVPE Hydride Vapor Phase Epitaxy
EPITAXIAL GaN GROWTH
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Improving a device