Lecture 1 - Chiropractic Principles and Their Evolution Through History

8/4/2019 Lecture 1 - Chiropractic Principles and Their Evolution Through History

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Dr. Paul Wanlass

Chiropractic Principles &

Their Evolution Through

History

Lecture 1

Paul Wanlass, D.C.

Assistant Professor

Lead Instructor for CP 4, CP 7, and

Chiropractic Theories & Principles2011

TheChiropracticParadigm

2

DefinitionofParadigm

O A philosophical or theoretical framework of

any kind

3

http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/paradigm

Assoc.ofChiropracticCollegesParadigm

O 1996- The A.C.C. published a position paper

describing the nature of Chiropractic and its

professional attributes.

O Adopted by the ACA, ICA, and World

Federation of Chiropractic.

O Professional organizations can pursue

common goals and objectives.

4

ACCsDefinitionofSubluxation

A subluxation is a complex of functional,

structural, and/or pathological articular

changes that compromise neural integrity and

may influence organ system function and

general health.

5

TheACCContinuedtoSay...

O A subluxation is evaluated, diagnosed and

managed through the use of chiropractic

procedures based on the best available

rational and empirical evidence.

O The preservation and restoration of health

is enhanced through the correction of the

subluxation.

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VitalisticApproach

O Suggests that a life force, innate

recuperative power, or innate intelligence is

in all living things.

O Also used as a legal defense for

Chiropractors in the early years

7

VitalisticApproach

O A fundamental Chiropractic Principle the

body is a self-regulating and self-healing

organism

O The adjustment corrects the Subluxation,

thereby restoring the flow of life force

through the nervous system

O D.D. Palmer attempted to merge science

and metaphysics* which became the

foundation for vitalism in 1890

8* A branch of philosophy dealing with theories of existence and knowledge.

ThePalmers

O The Palmers are both considered

segmentalists

O They believed that individual joints of the

spine subluxate independently of one

another.

O D.D. insisted that he only adjusted a single

joint in a patient during any given treatment

session.

9

ThePalmers(2)

O This segmental orientation is epitomized by

the Meric charts that relate individual

spinal segments to specific organs of the

body.

O D.D. proposed that there were three causes

of subluxations: toxins, physical trauma and

auto-suggestion

10

ThePalmers(3)

O B.J. Palmer later claimed that the

Neurocalometer (1924) he marketed to the

profession was the only valid means of

identifying these subluxated spinal joints.

11

NeurocalometerHistory

O Invented in 1924 by Dossa D. Evans, D.C.

and developed by Otto Schiernbeck, a

consulting engineer on the staff of Palmer

College of Chiropractic

O Original Neurocalometer (NCM):

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O A later wireless version:

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O Further advanced to the Nervo-Scope:

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HowTheyWork

O D.D. Palmer used the back of his hand to

locate "hot boxes" along the spinal column in

an effort to detect differences in surface

temperature from one side to the other

O This device had two heat-detecting probes

(thermocouples) connected to a meter that

registered whether points on either side of

the spine had different temperatures.

15

HowTheyWork

O Based on the theory that a subluxated

vertebrae causes pressures on a nerve or

group of nerves as they pass through or emit

from spinal column

O This pressure causes a resistance to the

flow of nerve energy.

O The resistance produces heat which can be

measured before and after an adjustment

using the NCM

16

HoleInOne

O In the mid-1930s, B.J. further proposed that

the only adjustment-worthy subluxations

occurred in the upper cervical spine, and

heavily promoted his Hole-In-One (HIO)

method of upper cervical adjusting.

O B.J. also developed the neurocalograph (a

NCM with a strip chart) to monitor patterns

of subluxations before and after HIO

interventions.

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MechanisticApproach

O It implies that life can be explained in strictly

physical terms.

O In Chiropractic it refers to:O Reducing nerve compression

O Increasing joint R.O.M.

O Affecting aberrant spinal reflexes

O Improving a patients activities of daily living

(ADLs)

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TheMericSystemO Developed by B.J. Palmer and James

Wishart in 1910

(Gatterman, Foundations of Chiropractic: Subluxation (2nd ed.) 2005. pg. 218)

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TheMericSystemO Meric analysis or Neuromeric analysis says

that levels of spinal subluxation areconnected to various organ systems

according to the innervation of the

autonomic and peripheral nerves.

O The area found by tracing the nerve from the

level of subluxation to the end organ was

known as a Mere, or Vertemere.

O For example, adjusting T4 would help the

Gallbladder.

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MericChart

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BoneoutofPlace

O The Palmers developed the concept that the

adjustment repositioned displaced

vertebrae and, therefore, treated disease by

relieving pressure on the nerves.

O Both D.D. and B.J. Palmer emphasized that

a subluxation was a static malposition of the

vertebral body.

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MotionRestriction/JointFixationModel

O Solon Langworthy, D.C. presented his theory

that a subluxation was a vertebra that had arestricted field of motion.

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NerveTracing

O An early manual diagnostic procedure used

by of palpating a tender nerve from its spinal

origin to an inflamed area, or from a tender

area back to the spinal column.

O Used by D.D. Palmer

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Thermography

O Pioneered by B.J. Palmer as a method ofdetecting vertebral subluxation in 1924

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SpinographyO Weight bearing radiographs used by B.J.

Palmer between 1908 and 1922.

TheGreenBooks

O A series of books written by B.J. Palmerdiscussing his view of innate intelligence

and philosophy in Chiropractic.

O He believed that innate intelligence is

spiritual. AboveDownInsideOut

(1949)

26

Stephensons33Principles

O A set of beliefs about the human body and

the natural order of the universe.

O #1. (The Major Premise): There exists a

Universal Intelligence which brings

organization to all matter, and maintains its

existence

O Chiropractic is a philosophy, science and an

art.

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ImportantPeople

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Hippocrates(460377B.C.)O The first physician to clearly describe spinal

manipulation in the western world

O He authored the book On Joints

O Used gravity traction and rachiotherapy

(spinal therapy)

O His famous quote Look well to the spine

for the cause of disease

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Hieronymus(1746)O He identified a lessened motion of the

joints by slight change in position of the

articulating bones and pain

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DanielDavidPalmer,D.C.(18451913)

O A.K.A. D.D. Palmer or Old Dad Chiro

O Known as the founder of Chiropractic in

1895

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D.D.Palmer

O Farmer, beekeeper, and school teacheruntil the early 1880s

O Practiced as a magnetic healer (1886)

O Moved to Davenport, Iowa in 1887

O Advertised widely that he could cure

disease without medicine

O Distributed newspaper flyers known as

The Educator & The Magnetic Cure

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D.D.PalmersTheory

O Thought that inflammation was caused by

displaced anatomic parts:

O Arteries, veins, nerves

O Muscle & ligament

O Bone & joint

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D.D.PalmersTheory

O Claimed that the principles of his theory were

revealed to him by spiritual sources

O Used his fingers to palpate for the site of

inflammation

O Cooled the hot, inflamed tissue by pouring his

personal, excess, vital magnetic force into the

lesion

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D.D.PalmersTheory

O His theory evolved to focus on nerve

impingement due to subluxation of spinal

joints as the source of illness (~1904)

O Further development included nerve stretching

and slackening as the critical factor (~1910)

O Insisted that a subluxated joint (including

extraspinal) could alter the tension in nerves

and thereby modify their effective message to

end organs

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D.D.Palmer

O Acknowledged that he studied osteopathy

but denied he ever visited A.T. Still

O Origins of his development of segment-specific manipulations are not truly known

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1st PatientTestimonial

O Testimonial in the January 1897 issue ofThe Chiropractic by Harvey Lillard, janitor in

the building where D.D. Palmer practiced:

I was deaf 17 years and I expected to always

remain so, for I had doctored a great deal without

any benefit. I had long ago made up my mind to

not take any more ear treatments, for it did me no

good.

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1st PatientTestimonial

Last January Dr. Palmer told me that my deafness camefrom an injury in my spine. This was new to me; but it is

a fact that my back was injured at the time I went deaf.

Dr. Palmer treated me on the spine; in two treatments I

could hear quite well. That was eight months ago. My

hearing remains good.

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D.D.Palmer

Left Iowa for California in 1902

Spent time in P asadena where he was indicted forpracticing medicine without a license after one of hispatients died; suit was dropped due to technicalities

Spent time in Santa Barbara where he taught andpracticed

Returned to Davenport in 1904

Was put on trial for practicing medicine without alicense

Chose to go to jail rather than pay the fine this wasthe first time a chiropractor was incarcerated forpracticing medicine without a license

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D.D.Palmer

O After his release, he left for Oklahoma and

then Oregon opened up several

chiropractic schools

O His son, Bartlett Joshua Palmer managed

the Palmer School of Chiropractic in D.D.s

absence

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BartlettJoshuaPalmer,D.C.(1881 1961)

O A.K.A. B.J. Palmer

O Known as the developer of Chiropractic, HIO,

vitalism, and the Neurocalometer

O Co founder of the Meric System

O Author of the Green Books

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B.J.Palmer

O 1906 founded a protective society that

provided legal services to member DCs

charged with practicing medicine without a

license

O Strongly promoted the emerging chiropractic

philosophy, which helped defend

chiropractors against unlicensed practice

suits

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B.J.Palmer

His Chiropractic philosophyincluded the notions of

O Universal intelligence

O Innate intelligence

O Educated intelligence

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B.J.Palmer

O B.J.s focus was on finding and correctingsubluxations to free obstructed nerves and

allow Innate Intelligence to direct healing

messages from the brain through the nerves

to the end organs.

44

WillardCarver,D.C.,LLB

O Willard Carver held a

Bachelor of Law degree

O Known as the Constructor of

Chiropractic and made

Chiropractic legal in

Oklahoma in 1921

O Authored 18 books

45

WillardCarver,D.C.,LLB

O Presided over 4 schools in Oklahoma City,

Washington D.C., New York, and Denver

O Introduced the first bill to legalize

chiropractic in 1907 (in Oklahoma).

Finalized in 1921.

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R.W.Stephenson,D.C.,Ph.C.

O Author of the 33 principles, philosophy

teacher at Palmer, author ofChiropractic

Textbook1927

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AndrewTaylorStill,D.O.(18281917)

O Opened the American School of Osteopathy

in Missouri in 1892

O There are now 25 osteopathic medical

colleges & D.O.s practice in all 50 states

O Curriculum included surgery (for

emergencies) but not pharmaceuticals

O Early concepts included the supremacy of

blood flow

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AndrewTaylorStillO Worked as a hospital orderly in the Civil War

O May have been a battlefield surgeon

O Rose to the rank of Major

O Following the war, lost several children to

typhoid or spinal meningitis

O Wanted to find an alternative to heroic

interventions used on his children

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AndrewTaylorStill

O Practiced as a magnetic healer in 1875O Developed osteopathy in 1889

O Known as a lightning bonesetter

O Believed that the brain manufactured the

bodys own healing substances

O Health could be maintained by keeping

channels (arteries, veins, nerves, lymph)

from the brain to the end organs free of

obstructions.

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SolonLangworthy,D.C.

O Published the first textbook on Chiropractic

in 1906 (along with Minora Paxson and

Oakley Smith)

O Organized the first American Chiropractic

Association

O Founded the American School of

Chiropractic (Cedar Rapids, Iowa) - first

school to provide competition to the Palmer

school

51

JohnHoward,D.C.

O Founded the National School of

Chiropractic in 1906 in Davenport, IA

O National relocated to Chicago in 1908

O Offered physiological therapeutics

courses by 1914

O Diversified in its teaching approach, in

contrast to the Palmer school

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TulliusRatledge

O Moved his Ratledge College of Chiropractic

from Kansas to California in 1911

O Sold the school to Carl Cleveland, Sr., in1951

O Spent 75 days in jail for practicing medicine

without a license rather than pay the fine

O Active in bringing the 1922 referendum to

California voters to legalize chiropractic

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SylvaAshworth

O Graduated from Palmer in 1910

O Served on the first chiropractic board in

NebraskaO Daughter Ruth and son-in-law Carl Cleveland

started the Central College of Chiropractic in

Kansas City

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SylvaAshworth

O Which became the Cleveland ChiropracticCollege in 1924

O Renamed the Ratledge College

O Then the Cleveland Chiropractic College of

Los Angeles in 1955

O Matriarch of the first 5-generation family of

chiropractors

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ImportantDefinitions

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SubluxationSyndrome

O An aggregate of signs and symptoms that

relates to the pathophysiology or dysfunction

of spinal and pelvic motion segments or to

the peripheral joints. This is what you will

see with the patient.

~Leachand Haldeman

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VertebralSubluxationComplex(VSC)

O A theoretical model of motion segment

dysfunction (subluxation) that incorporates

the complex interaction of pathologic

changes in nerve, muscle, ligamentous,

vascular, and connective tissue. What is

used in education and in talking with other

doctors.

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VertebralSubluxationComplex(VSC)

O We will discuss the vertebral subluxation

complex in more detail in a future lecture.

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ThePersecutionofChiropractors

&

TheGrowthofChiropracticSchools

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PersecutionofChiropractors

O By 1930, an estimated 15,000chiropractors had been charged with

practicing medicine without a license

O Chiropractors prevailed in about 75% of the

cases

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GrowthofChiropracticSchools

O Between 1903 and 1914, 23 chiropracticschools opened their doors, including

O Parker School of Chiropractic (1905)

O National School of Chiropractic (1906)

O Texas Chiropractic College (1908)

O Los Angeles College of Chiropractic (1911)

O Canadian Chiropractic College (1914)

O It was also during this time that the rift

between straights and mixers developed

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O The list doesnt include correspondence

schools that were essentially mail-order

diploma mills

O All schools at this time were for-profit

ventures

O The original Palmer curriculum was 3

months duration

O Until the 1950s, it remained an 18-

month course of study

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O The biggest surge in enrollment came

following WW I and WW II

O The Veterans Bureau provided funds for

vocational training

O Enrollment at Palmer in 1922 was over 3,000

students

O 1974: Council on Chiropractic Education was

recognized by the US Office of Education

O Students could now be eligible for federally

guaranteed student loans

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ComplementaryandAlternative(C.A.M.)HealthCare

The Big 5 disciplines are:

O Acupuncture

O Chiropractic

O Herbal medicine

O Homeopathy

O Osteopathy

O Most organized and regulated professions that:

O Have an individual diagnostic approach

O Have a research base65

MajorEvents

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MajorEvents

O Struggles for licensureO 60-year effort

O Kansas = first state (1913)

O Louisiana = last state (1974)

O Over 450 chiropractors went to jail in

California rather than pay the fine

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MajorEvents(2)

O 1924: Introduction of the neurocalometerO Introduced in a speech by B.J.: The Hour

Has Struck

O Insisted that its use was necessary to

detect subluxations

O Coincided with B.J.s switch to HIO vs. full

spine

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MajorEvents(3)

O 1930: National Chiropractic Association

O 1941: International Chiropractic Assoc.

O 1963: Committee on Quackery (originally

called the Committee on Chiropractic)

O 1971: Council on Chiropractic Education

(CCE) is the accrediting agency for

chiropractic colleges

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MajorEvents(4)

O 1972-3: Chiropractic coverage by Medicare

and other insurance plans

O 1975: National Institute for Neurological and

Communicative Diseases and Stroke

Conference

O Sponsored by Congress

O Interdisciplinary discussion panel

O Document: The Research Status of Spinal

Manipulative Therapy concluded the

following: 70

TheResearchStatusofSpinalManipulativeTherapyconcludedthe

following:

O provides relief from pain, particularly

back pain, and sometimes cures, and maybe dangerous, particularly if used by non-

physicians; there was a difference of opinion

focusing on the issues of indications,

contraindications, and the precise scientific

basis for the results obtained.

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MajorEvents(5)

O 1976: Wilk Antitrust Suit

O Chester Wilk & 4 other chiropractors sued

the AMA and 10 other medicalorganizations for engaging in a

conspiracy to monopolize health care and

restrain competition by making voluntary

professional associations between MDs

and DCs unethical.

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1976WilkAntitrustSuit

O Also asserted that the AMA had conspiredwith insurance companies to exclude

chiropractic coverage.

O AMA was found guilty in 1978 of trying to

destroy the chiropractic profession through

boycott.

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(http://betterspines.com/2009/09/25/the-wilk-antitrust-lawsuit-etc/)

MajorEvents(6)

O 1996- The A.C.C. published a position paperdescribing the nature of Chiropractic and its

professional attributes.

O Adopted by the ACA, ICA, and World

Federation of Chiropractic.

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MajorEvents(7)

O 2002: Inclusion of chiropractic benefits

within the Department of Veterans Affairs

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ProfessionalQuestforRecognition

O A long and complicated struggle for the right

to exist

O Legitimacy and cultural authority are still

questioned due to:

O Adversaries outside the profession

O Disagreements within the profession

about purposes and methods

O Relative isolation from other health

services and the scientific community

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AnyQuestions?

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ReadingAssignmentThisWeek

O Order the required textbook A.S.A.P. You

dont want to get behind on the reading!

O Read Chap. 1O Read the course syllabus

O Read the article Chiropractic History by

Keating (on my site under required reading)

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ReadingAssignmentNextWeek

Remember to read BEFORE coming to eachclass. The quizzes are based on your

required reading!

O Read Chapter 6

O Read Accessing the LRC & the role of

research within the profession (on my site)

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ReferenceTexts:

O Chapters 1, 2, and 6 of the required text.

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ReferenceArticles:

O Keating, J., PhD., Chiropractic History, A Primer, 2004. Chiropractic

History: a Primer

O http://www.chirobase.org/06DD/nervoscope.html

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Lecture 1 - Chiropractic Principles and Their Evolution Through History

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