INTRODUCTION TO HIGHWAY ENGINEERING

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CONCEPT OF HIGHWAY• Highway is a term commonly used to designate major roads

intended for travel by the public between important destinations, such as between towns and cities.

• The normal term used can vary from one country to another. It can be referred to as a road, freeway, superhighway, auto route, autobahn, expressway, or motorway.

• Highway designs involves a wide variety of elements. They can include multiple lanes, grade separations, a median between lanes of opposing traffic and access control (ramps and grade separation).

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CONCEPT OF HIGHWAY ENGINEERING

• Highway engineering involves the design and construction of efficient and safe highways and roads.

• It became prominent in the 20th century (after the beginning of the automobile industry) and has its roots in the discipline of civil engineering.

• Concepts relating to highway engineering covers the geometrical part of the design as well as those that relate to the material part of the construction. This would include grade separation, sight distances, radii of horizontal bends and vertical slopes in relation to design speed and interchange design. Those relating to materials involve pavement material design, material characteristics and drainage.

• Most developed nations have extensive highway networks.

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DESIGN POLICY/STANDARDS IN HIGHWAY ENGINEERING

• Design policies and standards used in many countries are typically based on publications of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) as well as research promulgated by the Transportation Research Board (TRB), the Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), and Department of Transportation (DoT).

• In Malaysia, the design policies and standards used are typically based on:– Arahan Teknik Jalan by Public Works Department (JKR)– Guidelines by Road Engineering Association of Malaysia (REAM)– Guidelines from the Malaysia Highway Authority (MHA)– Guidelines from local councils such as DBKL, MBSA, MPSP.– Many of these are practices adopted from AASHTO, TRB, ITE, and the

FHWA.

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CLASSIFICATION OF ROADS AND HIGHWAYS IN MALAYSIA

• Expressway/Highway – Roads using toll transit tickets that has a route number beginning with the letter E.

• Federal Roads – Roads maintained by the Federal Government that has a route number beginning with an integer or the letter F (Peninsular Malaysia).

• State Roads – Roads maintained by the authorities in the states that has a route number beginning with an alphabet letter that coincides with a vehicle registration number.

• Municipal Roads – Non-private roads without route numbers that is within the jurisdiction of the town/city council.

• Other Roads – Roads other than the above, usually private roads.

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HIGHWAYS IN MALAYSIA

• The highway or expressway has full or partial access control, grade separated junctions and are mostly tolled. The expressway link the major state capitals in Peninsular Malaysia.

• There are highways of a lower level with limited access control, some at grade-separated junctions or roundabouts, and generally with 2 lanes in each separated direction. These are generally un-tolled and funded by the federal government , the first being the Federal Highway linking Klang and Kuala Lumpur.

• The roads linking the major cities and towns in the country are called trunk roads, and are generally 2 lanes single carriageway roads, in places with a third climbing lane for slow lorries.

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GENERAL INFORMATIONRoad Type Length (kilometer)

Expressways 1,190

Federal Roads 16,084

State and Municipal Roads

50,106

Total Road Length 67,380

Total road length in Malaysia in 1999(Source: ADB AEAN Regional Road and Safety Program Country Report, CRS, Road Safety in Malaysia)

Total road length in Malaysia in 2005 = 77,673 km(Source: Library of Congress – Federal Research Division)

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ROAD NETWORK IN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA

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LIST OF HIGHWAYS IN MALAYSIA

• North South Expressway (Closed Toll System) – PLUS Berhad

• Kuala Lumpur – Karak Expressway – MTD Construction Sdn Bhd

• Penang Bridge– Penang Bridge Sdn Bhd

• Shah Alam Expressway– Konsortium Expressway Shah Alam Selangor Sdn

Bhd (KESAS BHD)11

LIST OF HIGHWAYS IN MALAYSIA

• Butterworth – Kulim Expressway– Konsortium Lebuhraya Butterworth – Kulim Sdn Bhd

• Seremban – Port Dickson Expressway– Seremban – Port Dickson Expressway Sdn Bhd

• Cheras – Kajang Expressway– Syarikat Grand Saga Sdn Bhd

• Damansara – Puchong Expressway– Lingkaran Transkota Sdn. Bhd. (LITRAK)

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LIST OF HIGHWAYS IN MALAYSIA• Western Kuala Lumpur Traffic Dispersal

Scheme Expressway– SPRINT Sdn. Bhd.

• New Pantai Expressway– New Pantai Highway Sdn. Bhd.

• Kajang SILK Expressway– Sistem Lingkaran – Lebuhraya Kajang Sdn. Bhd.

• Guthrie Corridor Expressway– Guthrie Corridor Expressway Sdn. Bhd.

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LIST OF HIGHWAYS IN MALAYSIA

• Sg. Besi Expressway– Besraya Sdn. Bhd.

• East Coast Expressway (Phase 1)– MTD Capital Bhd.

• Malaysia – Singapore Second Crossing Expressway– Linkedua (M) Sdn. Bhd. (LINKEDUA)

• Butterworth Outer Ring Road– Lebuhraya Lingkaran Luar Butterworth (Penang) Sdn. Bhd.

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LIST OF HIGHWAYS IN MALAYSIA

• Ampang KL Elevated Highway (AKLEH)– Projek Lintasan Kota Sdn. Bhd. (PROLINTAS)

• Metramac Highways– Metramec

• Duta – Ulu Kelang Expressway– Konsortium Lebuhraya Utara – Timur Kuala

Lumpur Sdn. Bhd.

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LIST OF HIGHWAYS IN MALAYSIA

• Smart Tunnel– Syarikat Mengurus Air Banjir & Terowong Sdn.

Bhd.• New North Klang Straits Bypass– Lebuhraya Shapadu Sdn. Bhd.

• Lebuhraya KL – Putrajaya– Konsortium Lapangan Terjaya Sdn. Bhd. (KLT)

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EXPRESSWAY IN MALAYSIA

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LIST OF HIGHWAYS UNDER CONSTRUCTION

• Senai – Desaru Expressway– Senai – Desaru Expressway Berhad

• Lebuhraya Lembah Kelang Selatan– SKVE Holding Sdn. Bhd.

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LIST OF HIGHWAYS UNDER CONSTRUCTION

• East Coast Expressway (Phase 2)– MTD Capital Bhd.

• Lebuhraya Kemuning – Shah Alam– Projek Lintasan Shah Alam Sdn. Bhd.

• Kajang – Seremban Highway– Lebuhraya Kajang – Seremban Sdn. Bhd.

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CLASSIFICATION OF VEHICLES ON HIGHWAYS

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OPEN/CLOSED TOLL SYSTEM

• Open toll system (Partial access control)– Consist of mainline toll plazas at set intervals; it is possible

for motorist to get onto the highway after one toll barrier and exit before the next one, thus traveling on the toll road free.

• Closed toll system (Full access control)– Refers to a road where a motorist obtains a ticket upon

entering the toll road, then pays upon exiting the expressway.

– The toll is calculated by the distance traveled on the toll road.

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