Lecture 1

Power ElectronicsPower Electronics(1)(1)

Prof. Mohammed Zeki KhedherProf. Mohammed Zeki Khedher

Department ofDepartment of Electrical EngineeringElectrical Engineering

University of JordanUniversity of Jordan

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References for further References for further informationinformation

Textbook: Textbook: “ Power Electronics: Circuits, Devices and “ Power Electronics: Circuits, Devices and Applications”Applications”

By M. Rashid, Prentice-Hall.By M. Rashid, Prentice-Hall.

References:References:

1.1. Power Electronics: Converters, Applications and Power Electronics: Converters, Applications and Design By N. Mohan, T. Design By N. Mohan, T. Undeland, and W. Undeland, and W.

Robins, John-Wiley. Robins, John-Wiley.

2.2. Elements of Power Electronics By P. Krein, Oxford Elements of Power Electronics By P. Krein, Oxford University Press.University Press.

3.3. Power Electronics By C. W. Lander, McGraw-Hill.Power Electronics By C. W. Lander, McGraw-Hill.

4.4. rinciple of Power Electronics By J. Kassakian, M. rinciple of Power Electronics By J. Kassakian, M. Schlecht and G. Verghses, Addison Wesley.Schlecht and G. Verghses, Addison Wesley.

5.5. Power Electronics: Principles and Applications By J. Power Electronics: Principles and Applications By J. Vithayathil, McGraw-Hill.Vithayathil, McGraw-Hill.

6.6. Power Semiconductor Circuits By Dewan and Power Semiconductor Circuits By Dewan and Straughen, John-Wiley.Straughen, John-Wiley.

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3) The interdisciplinary nature3) The interdisciplinary nature

William E. Newell’s descriptionWilliam E. Newell’s description

Power electronics is the interface between electronics and power.Power electronics is the interface between electronics and power.

Power Electronics

学

Electronics

Power

学

Control

Continuous,

discrete

连续、离

散

Static & rotating

power equipment

Devices,circuits

Relation with multiple disciplinesRelation with multiple disciplines

Power electronics is currently the most active discipline in electric power Power electronics is currently the most active discipline in electric power engineering.engineering.

Power electronics

electronics electr

Electric machines

Circuit Ct theory

Systems& Control theory

Control

theory

Signal processing

Simulation & computing

electronics

Solid state

physics

Electromagnetics

Power systems

History of Power ElectronicsHistory of Power Electronics

Mercury arc rectifier (year 1900).Mercury arc rectifier (year 1900).Metal tank rectifier.Metal tank rectifier.Grid controlled vacuum tube rectifier.Grid controlled vacuum tube rectifier.Ignitron, Phanatron, ThyratronIgnitron, Phanatron, ThyratronSCR (Silicon Controlled Rectifier)SCR (Silicon Controlled Rectifier)

- The 1- The 1stst Thyristor developed by Bell labs in Thyristor developed by Bell labs in 1956.1956.

11stst Commercial grade SCR developed by Commercial grade SCR developed by “ “ General Electric Co. “ in 1958.General Electric Co. “ in 1958.

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2. 2. The history The history

The thread of the power electronics history is the break- through and evolution of power electronic devices.

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Mercury arc rectifier

Semiconductor rectifier

1. HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT1. HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT

Thyristor (SCR), GTO, Triac

Thyratron


Power MOSFET, IGBT

Vacuum tube


Power Electronic ApplicationsPower Electronic Applications

Commercial Commercial ApplicationsApplicationsAir conditionersAir conditionersCentral refrigeration.Central refrigeration.UPSUPSElevatorsElevatorsEmergency lampsEmergency lampsHeating systemsHeating systems

Domestic ApplicationsDomestic Applications

Cooking equipments.Cooking equipments.

Lighting & heating Lighting & heating ckts.ckts.

Air conditioners.Air conditioners.

Refrigerators.Refrigerators.

Freezers.Freezers.

Personal Computers.Personal Computers.

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TelecommunicationsTelecommunicationsBattery chargers.Battery chargers.DC power supply & DC power supply & UPSUPSMobile cell phone Mobile cell phone battery chargers.battery chargers.

TransportationTransportation

Traction control of Traction control of electric vehicles.electric vehicles.

Battery chargers for Battery chargers for electric vehicles.electric vehicles.

Electric locomotives.Electric locomotives.

Street cars & trolley Street cars & trolley buses.buses.

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Industrial applicationsIndustrial applications

Motor drivesMotor drives ElectrolysisElectrolysis ElectroplatingElectroplating Induction heatingInduction heating WeldingWelding Arc furnaces and ovensArc furnaces and ovens Lighting Lighting

Transportation applicationsTransportation applications

Trains & locomotivesTrains & locomotives SubwaysSubways Trolley busesTrolley buses Magnetic levitationMagnetic levitation Electric vehiclesElectric vehicles Automotive electronicsAutomotive electronics Ship power systemsShip power systems Aircraft power systemsAircraft power systems

UtilityUtility stems applicationsstems applications

High- voltage dc transmission(HVDC)High- voltage dc transmission(HVDC)Flexible ac transmission(FACTS)Flexible ac transmission(FACTS)Static var compensation & harmonicsStatic var compensation & harmonicssuppression: TCR, TSC, SVG, APFsuppression: TCR, TSC, SVG, APFCustom power & power quality controlCustom power & power quality controlSupplemental energy sources :Supplemental energy sources :wind, photovoltaic, fuel cellswind, photovoltaic, fuel cellsEnergy storage systemsEnergy storage systems

Power supplies for electronic Power supplies for electronic equipmentequipment

TelecommunicationsTelecommunications

ComputersComputers

Office equipmentOffice equipment

Electronic instrumentsElectronic instruments

Portable or mobilePortable or mobile

electronicselectronics

Residential and home Residential and home appliancesappliances

LightingLighting HeatingHeating Air conditioningAir conditioning Refrigeration & freezersRefrigeration & freezers CookingCooking CleaningCleaning EntertainingEntertaining

Applications in space Applications in space technologytechnology

Spaceship power systemsSpaceship power systems

Satellite power systemsSatellite power systems

Space vehicle power systemsSpace vehicle power systems

Other aplicationsOther aplications

Nuclear reactor controlNuclear reactor control

Power systems for particle acceleratorsPower systems for particle accelerators

Environmental engineeringEnvironmental engineering


Utility SystemsUtility Systems

High voltage DC transmissions (HVDC).High voltage DC transmissions (HVDC).

Static VAR compensation.Static VAR compensation.

Fuel cells.Fuel cells.

Energy storage systemsEnergy storage systems

Boiler feed water systems.Boiler feed water systems.

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AdvantagesAdvantages

Easy and flexibility in operation due to Easy and flexibility in operation due to digital controls.digital controls.

Faster dynamic response compared to the Faster dynamic response compared to the electro mechanical converters.electro mechanical converters.

Lower acoustic noise when compared to Lower acoustic noise when compared to electro magnetic controllers, relays and electro magnetic controllers, relays and contactors.contactors.

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High efficiency due to low losses in the High efficiency due to low losses in the Thyristors.Thyristors.

Long life and reduced/minimal Long life and reduced/minimal maintenance due to the absence of maintenance due to the absence of mechanical wear.mechanical wear.

Control equipments using Thyristors are Control equipments using Thyristors are compact in size.compact in size.

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DisadvantagesDisadvantages

Generate unwanted harmonics.Generate unwanted harmonics.

Harmonics are injected into power supply Harmonics are injected into power supply lines affecting the performance of other lines affecting the performance of other loads and equipments.loads and equipments.

Unwanted interference with Unwanted interference with communication circuits due to communication circuits due to electromagnetic radiation.electromagnetic radiation.

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Special protection circuits must be used to Special protection circuits must be used to protect the thyristor devices.protect the thyristor devices.

Thyristors must be rated for maximum Thyristors must be rated for maximum loading conditions.loading conditions.

Special steps are to be taken for Special steps are to be taken for correcting line supply power factor.correcting line supply power factor.

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Different types of Power Different types of Power ConvertersConverters

Diode rectifiers (uncontrolled rectifiers).Diode rectifiers (uncontrolled rectifiers).

Line commutated converters or AC to DC Line commutated converters or AC to DC converters (controlled rectifiers).converters (controlled rectifiers).

AC voltage (RMS voltage) controllers (AC AC voltage (RMS voltage) controllers (AC to AC converters). to AC converters).

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Cyclo converters (AC to AC converters at Cyclo converters (AC to AC converters at low output frequency).low output frequency).

DC choppers (DC to DC converters).DC choppers (DC to DC converters).

Inverters (DC to AC converters).Inverters (DC to AC converters).

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Major issues in power electronicsMajor issues in power electronics

How to meet the requirement of the load or gain How to meet the requirement of the load or gain better control of the loadbetter control of the loadHow to improve the efficiencyHow to improve the efficiency -- for reliable operation of power semiconductor -- for reliable operation of power semiconductor devicesdevices -- for energy saving-- for energy savingHow to realize power conversion with less How to realize power conversion with less volume, less weight, and less cost.volume, less weight, and less cost.How to reduce negative influence to other How to reduce negative influence to other equipment in the electric power system and to equipment in the electric power system and to the electromagnetic environment.the electromagnetic environment.

Power DevicesPower Devices

Power DiodePower Diode

Power BJTPower BJT

Power MOSFETPower MOSFET

IGBTIGBT

Thyristor (SCR)Thyristor (SCR)

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Applications of Power DevicesApplications of Power Devices

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Power DiodePower Diode

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Diode CharacteristicsDiode Characteristics

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Comparison between different Comparison between different types of Diodestypes of Diodes

General Purpose General Purpose DiodesDiodes

Fast Recovery Fast Recovery DiodesDiodes

Schottky DiodesSchottky Diodes

UpUp to 6000V & to 6000V & 3500A 3500A

UpUp to 6000V and to 6000V and 1100A 1100A

UpUp to 100V and to 100V and 300A 300A

Reverse recovery Reverse recovery time – High time – High

Reverse recovery Reverse recovery time – Low time – Low

Reverse recovery Reverse recovery time – Extremely time – Extremely low. low.

25rrt s 0.1 s to 5 srrt a few nano secrrt

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General Purpose General Purpose DiodesDiodes

Fast Recovery Fast Recovery DiodesDiodes

Schottky DiodesSchottky Diodes

Turn off time – Turn off time – HighHigh

Turn off time – LowTurn off time – Low Turn off time – Turn off time – Extremely lowExtremely low

Switching Switching frequency – Low frequency – Low

(Max 1KHz)(Max 1KHz)

Switching Switching frequency – High frequency – High


Switching Switching frequency – Very frequency – Very high. high.


0.7 to 1.2VFV 0.8 to 1.5VFV 0.4 to 0.6VFV

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BJTBJT

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BJT CharacteristicsBJT Characteristics

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BJT Switching TimesBJT Switching Times

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MOSFETMOSFET

37Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT

n-channel Enhancement n-channel Enhancement MOSFET CharacteristicsMOSFET Characteristics

Drain CharacteristicsDrain Characteristics

V G S 1

V G S 2

V G S 3

L in e arre g io n

S atu ra tionre g io n

V D SV D S

ID


Transfer CharacteristicsTransfer Characteristics

Gate source threshold voltageT GS THV V

V G S

ID

V T


n-channel Depletion MOSFETn-channel Depletion MOSFET

V G S

ID

+ +

G

S

D

V D S


Drain CharacteristicsDrain Characteristics

V G S 1

V G S 2

V G S 3

L in e arre g io n

S atu ra tionre g io n

V D S

ID


Transfer Characteristics of Transfer Characteristics of MOSFETMOSFET

V G S

ID

ID S S

V G S ( O F F )


Switching Times of MOSFETSwitching Times of MOSFET

t

V 1

V G S P

V 1

V G

VT

td ( o n ) td ( o ff)

trtf


Semiconductor Cross-section of Semiconductor Cross-section of IGBTIGBT


IGBTIGBT


Characteristics of IGBT Characteristics of IGBT CM 400HA-24HCM 400HA-24H

Output collector Output collector characteristicscharacteristics

0 2 4 6 8 10

V (Vo lts)CE

160

320

640

800

480I

AM PSC

V =15VGE12

8

V =10VGE

V =7VGE

V =9VGE


Transfer Characteristics of IGBTTransfer Characteristics of IGBT

2 4 6 8 10 12 14

160

320

480

640

800

0

V =10VCE

T =125 Cj0

T =25 Cj0

V GE(TH)

VGE

IAM PS

C

I Vs V CharacteristicsC GE


Advantages of IGBTAdvantages of IGBT

Combines the advantages of BJT & MOSFETCombines the advantages of BJT & MOSFET

High input impedance like MOSFETHigh input impedance like MOSFET

Voltage controlled device like MOSFETVoltage controlled device like MOSFET

Simple gate drive, Lower switching lossSimple gate drive, Lower switching loss

Low on state conduction power loss like BJTLow on state conduction power loss like BJT

Higher current capability & higher switching Higher current capability & higher switching speed than a BJT. ( Switching speed lower than speed than a BJT. ( Switching speed lower than MOSFET)MOSFET)


Applications of IGBTApplications of IGBT

ac and dc motor controls.ac and dc motor controls.

General purpose inverters.General purpose inverters.

Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS).Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS).

Welding Equipments.Welding Equipments.

Numerical control, Cutting tools.Numerical control, Cutting tools.

Robotics & Induction heating.Robotics & Induction heating.


Power Semiconductor Devices, Power Semiconductor Devices, their Symbols & Characteristicstheir Symbols & Characteristics

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DevicesDevices

SITH = Static Induction ThyristorSITH = Static Induction ThyristorGTO = Gate Turn Off ThyristorGTO = Gate Turn Off ThyristorMOS = Metal Oxide SemiconductorMOS = Metal Oxide SemiconductorMCT = MOS Controlled ThyristorMCT = MOS Controlled ThyristorMTO = MOS Turn Off ThyristorMTO = MOS Turn Off ThyristorETO = Emitter Turn Off ThyristorETO = Emitter Turn Off ThyristorIGCT = Insulated Gate Controlled ThyristorIGCT = Insulated Gate Controlled ThyristorTRIAC = Triode ThyristorTRIAC = Triode ThyristorLASCR = Light Activated SCRLASCR = Light Activated SCR

Devices..Devices..

NPN BJT = NPN Bipolar Junction NPN BJT = NPN Bipolar Junction TransistorTransistorIGBT = Insulated Gate Bipolar Junction IGBT = Insulated Gate Bipolar Junction TransistorTransistorN-Channel MOSFET = N-Channel Metal N-Channel MOSFET = N-Channel Metal Oxide Silicon Field Effect TransistorOxide Silicon Field Effect TransistorSIT = Static Induction TransistorSIT = Static Induction TransistorRCT = Reverse Conducting ThyristorRCT = Reverse Conducting ThyristorGATT = Gate Assisted Turn Off ThyristorGATT = Gate Assisted Turn Off Thyristor

DEVICE SYMBOLS & DEVICE SYMBOLS & CHARACTERISTICSCHARACTERISTICS


Control Characteristics of Power Control Characteristics of Power DevicesDevices

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Comparison between different Comparison between different commonly used Thyristorscommonly used Thyristors

Line Commutated Thyristors available up to Line Commutated Thyristors available up to 6000V, 4500A.6000V, 4500A.

Ex: Converter grade (line commutated) SCR.Ex: Converter grade (line commutated) SCR.

V / I rating: 5KV / 5000AV / I rating: 5KV / 5000A

Max. Frequency: 60Hz.Max. Frequency: 60Hz.

Switching time: 100 to 400Switching time: 100 to 400sec.sec.

On state resistance: 0.45mOn state resistance: 0.45m..

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Example of Inverter Grade Example of Inverter Grade Thyristor RatingsThyristor Ratings

V / I rating: 4500V / 3000A. V / I rating: 4500V / 3000A.

Max. Frequency: 20KHz.Max. Frequency: 20KHz.



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Example of Triac RatingsExample of Triac Ratings

Used in heat / light control, ac motor Used in heat / light control, ac motor control circuitcontrol circuit

V / I rating: 1200V / 300A. V / I rating: 1200V / 300A.




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Example of Power Transistor Example of Power Transistor RatingsRatings

PT ratings go up to 1200V / 400A. PT ratings go up to 1200V / 400A.

PT normally operated as a switch in CE PT normally operated as a switch in CE config.config.




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Example of Power MOSFET Example of Power MOSFET RatingsRatings

Used in high speed power converters like Used in high speed power converters like inverters & choppers.inverters & choppers.

Ratings up to 1000V / 100A.Ratings up to 1000V / 100A.

Example: MOSFET 800V / 7.5A rating.Example: MOSFET 800V / 7.5A rating.


Switching time: 1.6Switching time: 1.6sec.sec.


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Example of IGBT RatingsExample of IGBT Ratings

Used in high voltage / current & high frequency Used in high voltage / current & high frequency switching power applications (Inverters, SMPS).switching power applications (Inverters, SMPS).

Example: IGBT 2500V / 2400A.Example: IGBT 2500V / 2400A.


Switching time: 5 to Switching time: 5 to sec.sec.


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Thyristorised Power ConverterThyristorised Power Converter

ThyristorisedPow er

Controllers

Pow erS ource

ControlUnit

LoadEquipm ent

Measuring UnitC o m m a nd

Inp ut

To m e a surevo lta g e, c urre nt,

sp e e d , te m p e ra ture

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AC to DC ConverterAC to DC Converter

Type of input: AC supply (fixed voltage & frequency)Type of input: AC supply (fixed voltage & frequency)Type of output: DC voltage (variable)Type of output: DC voltage (variable)

LineC o m m uta te d

C o nve rte r

+

-

DC O utp utV0(Q C )

ACInp ut

Vo lta g e

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ApplicationsApplications

Speed control of DC motor in DC drives.Speed control of DC motor in DC drives.

UPS.UPS.

HVDC transmission.HVDC transmission.

Battery Chargers.Battery Chargers.

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Lecture 1

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