Lecture 1 & 2-Intro to Communication

7/31/2019 Lecture 1 & 2-Intro to Communication

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LECTURE 1

UHS 2052INTRODUCTION TO EFFECTIVE

COMMUNICATION

LILY SURIANI MOHD ARIF

JPSM/FPPSMS44-B101-10

[email protected]


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COMMUNICATIONTHE IMPORTANCE OF COMMUNICATION

Of all the knowledge and skills you have, thoseconcerning communication are among the mostimportant and useful.

Communication will always play a crucial part inyour personal and professional lives and itsmastery and competence will influence how

effectively you live these lives.


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Present yourself in a positive lightBuild interpersonal relationshipsInterview effectivelyParticipate in relationships and task groupsInfluence attitudes and behaviors of audiencesUse media critically


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To Improve EmployabilityTo Improve RelationshipTo Improve Physical and Mental Health


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COMMUNICATIONT YPES OF HUMAN COMMUNICATION

Intrapersonal communicationInterpersonal communicationInterviewingSmall group communicationOrganizational communicationPublic communicationComputer mediated communicationMass Communication


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THE COMPETENT COMMUNICATOR

Communication Skills A large and ready arsenal or interpersonal skills that can be used asthe situation warrants.

Cultural SensitivitySkills for communicating effectively in intercultural situations.

Critical Thinking

Skills for thinking logically and reasonably about communication andmessage appropriateness.


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THE COMPETENT COMMUNICATOR

Ethical FoundationSkills for communicating effectively and in a way thats consistentwith sound and ethical principles

Power Skills for increasing and maintaining power and influence as well asfor empowering others.

ListeningSkills for listening effectively and appropriately, depending on thesituation.


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COMMUNICATIONDEFINITION

Communication is the process understandingand sharing of meanings

Keywords:

ProcessUnderstanding

Sharing of Meanings


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OBJECTIVES OF COMMUNICATION

We communicate for a purpose, and our basic objectivesin communication are generally these:

To be understood exactly as we intended. To secure the desired response to our

message. To maintain favorable relations with those with

whom we communicate.


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WHY STUDY COMMUNICATION?

To understand human communication we must first examine itsuses.There are at least seven uses for communication . Consider how effective you will be if you can successfully master theseabilities.

We use communication to i nform We use communication to pe rsuade We use communication to motivate We use communication to amuse Communication is used to control We use communication to create We use communication to destroy.
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WE USE COMMUNICATION TO INFORM.

As speakers and listeners, as writers and readers, weneed communication for informative purposes. Unlesswe can speak clearly, listen efficiently, write cogently,and read effectively, we cannot accomplish our

communicative goals.


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WE USE COMMUNICATION TO PERSUADE

We use communication to persuade, influence others,on a daily basis. In our private lives we sell ourselveson dates and to gain the admiration of our friends. In

the business world, we sell ourselves in employmentsinterviews or our proposals to colleague andsupervisors


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WE USE COMMUNICATION TO MOTIVATE

It is not just jogging that can make our hearts race.Effective motivational communication can have thesame physical effect and still spurs us on to even

greater achievements. Pep talks, annual addresses or written requests can have beneficial motivationaleffects.By motivation others we help to bring out their best qualities.


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WE USE COMMUNICATION TO AMUSE.

Amusement does not detract from the importance of communication-it enhances it. We communicateconstantly to amuse ourselves and others. Orally, we

tell jokes and stories to amuse. We also amuseourselves in writing and reading.


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COMMUNICATION IS USED TO CONTROL

It should come as no surprise that we control othersthrough communication. When a judge declares adefendant guilty, the future of the accused is controlled

by the mandate of the court. When a law is passedreducing the speed limit to 55 miles per hour, we arecompelled to comply or run the risk of speeding ticketsand high-speed accidents.


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WE USE COMMUNICATION TO CREATE

We build through communication. No skyscraper wasconstructed without thousands of words beingexchanged among realtors and developers, architects

and venture capitalists, engineers and etc.etc.etc. Wealso build relationships with others through our communication. Our connections with parents andsiblings are created through our communication.


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ELEMENTS OF HUMAN COMMUNICATION

MESSAGES

Noise

Channels

Communication Context

Source/encoder

Receiver/decoder

Source/encoder

Receiver/decoder

FEEDBACK
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ELEMENTS OF HUMAN COMM. PROCESS

ENCODING/DECODING

Message encoding is the process of formulatingmessages-choosing content and symbols to conveymeanings.

Message Decoding is the process of assigningmeaning in the role of receiver to message symbols

generated by the message source.


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MESSAGEThe message is the symbolic attempt to transfer meaning; it is the signal that serves as a stimulus for areceiver.

CHANNELThe channel is the medium through which the messageis transmitted. It is the link or links between source and

receiver. Channels include the five senses and anytechnological means used for message transmission.


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HUMAN COMMUNICATION PROCESS

FEEDBACKThroughout the listening process, a listener gives a speaker

feedback messages sent back to the speaker reacting to what issaid. Feedback tells the speaker what effect he or she is having onthe listener(s).

Characteristics of feedback:i.Positive-Negative

ii.Person/Message focusediii.Immediate-Delayediv.Low/High monitoringv.Supportive-Critical


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NOISE

Noise is the distortion or interference that contributes todiscrepancies between the meaning intended by thesource and the meaning assigned by the receiver.


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4 Types of Noise

PhysicalPhysiologicalPsychologicalSemantic


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Physical NoiseInterference that is external to both speaker and listener, it

interferes with the physical transmission of the signal or messagee.g. Screeching of passing cars, hum of computer, sunglasses.

Physiological NoisePhysical barriers within the speaker or listener.e.g visual impairments, hearing loss, articulation problems,

memory loss


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Psychological NoiseCognitive or mental interferencee.g. Biases and prejudices in senders and receivers, close-

mindedness, inaccurate expectation, extreme emotionalism (anger,

hate, love, grief)

Semantic NoiseSpeaker and listener assigning different meanings.e.g. People speaking different languages, use of jargon or

overly complex terms not understood by listener, dialecticaldifferences in meaning.


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CONTEXT

The communication context is the environment for thecommunication interaction.

Context includes not only the specific time and place of the interaction but also the roles, relationships and thestatus of the communication participants.


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ELEMENTS OF HUMAN COMMUNICATION PROCESS

4 Types of Communication Context

Physical context The tangible or concrete environment in which

communication takes place-the room or hallway or park.

Cultural context Refers to the communicators rules and norms, beliefs and

attitudes that are transmitted from one generation to another e.g In some cultures, direct eye contact between child and

adult signifies directness and honesty; in others it signifiesdefiance and lack of respect.


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Social-psychological contextIncludes, for example, the status relationships among the

participants, the roles and the games that people play, culturalrules of the society in which theyre communicating.

Temporal (time) contextIncludes the time of day as well as the time in history in which

the communication takes place. For many people, the morning isnot a time for communication. For others, the morning is ideal.



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COMMUNICATION EFFECTS

Communication always has some effects on those involved inthe communication act. For every communication act, there issome consequences.

Intellectual (cognitive)AffectivePsychomotor

e.g You may gain knowledge or learn how to analyze, synthesizes or evaluate something ( intellectual or cognitive effects ) or you may acquirenew feelings, attitudes, or beliefs ( affective effects ) You may learn newbodily movement, or express surprise ( Psychomotor effects )



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ETHICS

Because communication has effects, it also involves aquestions of ethics. The ethical dimension of communication iscomplicated because ethics is interwoven with ones personalphilosophy of life and the culture in which one is raised that it isdifficult to propose a guidelines for everyone.Nevertheless, ethicalconsiderations need to be considered as integral to anycommunication act. The decisions you make concerningcommunication must be guided by what you consider right aswell as what you consider effective.



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ETHICS

What does ethics mean to you? Are ethical principles objective or

subjective?Does the end justify the means?



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COMMUNICATION MODELS


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COMMUNICATION AS ACTION : M ESSAGE TRANSFER (LASWELL 1948)

SOURCERECEIVER

MESSAGE

CHANNEL

INTERFERENCE


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COMMUNICATION AS ACTION : M ESSAGE TRANSFER (LASWELL 1948)

In this model, communication takes place when a message is sentand received. Period. It is a way of transferring meaning from sender to receiver. Harold Laswell (1948) described the process as follows:

Who (sender)Says what (message)In what channelTo whom (receiver)With what effects


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COMMUNICATION AS INTERACTION : MESSAGE EXCHANGE (MC CROSKEY 1972)

`CONTEXT

SOURCE RECEIVER

MESSAGE

CHANNEL

INTERFERENCE

FEEDBACK


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COMMUNICATION AS INTERACTION : MESSAGE EXCHANGE (MC CROSKEY 1972)

The communication as interaction perspectives used thesame elements as the action model but added two newones: feedback and context. Although it emphasizes feedback and context, it doesnot quite capture the complexity of the communicationprocess if the communication process takes placesimultaneously. The interaction model of communication

still views communication as a linear, step by stepprocess


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COMMUNICATION AS TRANSACTION : MESSAGE CREATION (MC AULEY 1979)

SOURCE RECEIVER

MESSAGE

CHANNEL

INTERFERENCE

FEEDBACK


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COMMUNICATION AS TRANSACTION : MESSAGE CREATION (MC AULEY 1979)

The communication-as-transaction perspectiveacknowledges that when we communicate with oneanother, we are constantly reacting to what our partner is saying and expressing.

The figure indicate we send and receive messagesconcurrently. Even when we talk, we are alsointerpreting our partners verbal and non verbal

responses.

Lecture 1 & 2-Intro to Communication

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