Lecture 022 Classification of Life. Are they related?
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Transcript of Lecture 022 Classification of Life. Are they related?
Lecture 022 Classification of Life
Are they related?
Taxonomy
• The science of classifying organisms.
• Tells us about the degree of relation between different organisms
Taxonomy
• Developed by Swedish biologist Carolus Linnaeus (1707 — 1778). • Binomial naming system
Biological Kingdoms
2 Kingdoms
Traditional view
plants animals
Systematics- studies diversity of life
• Study and classification of organisms with the goal of reconstructing their evolutionary history
Biological Kingdoms
5 Kingdoms
Whittaker, 1969
Plantae Fungi Animalia
Protista
Monera
Five kingdom system:
Monera Protista FungiPlantae Animalia
Six kingdom system:
Eu-bacteria
Protista FungiPlantae AnimaliaArchae-bacteria
Three domain system:
Eu-bacteria
Archae-bacteria
E U K A R Y A
Eight kingdom system:
Eu-bacteria
Arc
hez
oa
FungiPlantae AnimaliaArchae-bacteria
Ch
rom
ista
Pro
tist
a
Biological Kingdoms
Six kingdom system:
Eu-bacteria
Protista FungiPlantae AnimaliaArchae-bacteria
Monera
Classification: Six kingdom system:
Eubacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Archaebacteria
E. coli Cyanobacteria
Paramecium Diatom Slime mold
Plantae Fungi Animalia
Protista
Monera (Eubacteria & Archaebacteria)
Primary Grouping Criterion
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
Cellular complexity
Other Grouping Criteria
Single-celled vs. multicellular
Mode of nutrition
absorption
photosynthesis
ingestion
Plantae Fungi Animalia
Protista
Monera
Note: Criteria can overlapNote: Criteria can overlap
Other Grouping CriteriaMode of Reproduction
sexual
asexual
Respiratory System
gas exchange across skin
lungs
gills
Other Grouping Criteria
Skeleton
internal/external
bone/cartilage/chitin…
Circulatory System
none
open/closed
Phylogentic Relationships of Animals
Ancestral Protist
segmentation
true tissue
radial symmetry
bilateral symmetry
Deuterostomes:eucoelom
Protostome: schizocoelem
pseudocoelom
Porifera
Cnideria
Platyhelminthes
Nematoda
Mollusca
AnnelidaEchinodermata
ChordataArthropoda
no true tissues
acoelom
Keep PlatesCleanOrFamilyGetsSick
KingdomPhylum
ClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies
Animalia ChordataActinopterygiiPerciformesPomocentridaeAmphirprionocellaris
Tiger ClassificationTiger Classification
Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Carnivora Family Felidae Genus Panthera Species tigris
Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Carnivora Family Felidae Genus Panthera Species tigris
Biological Nomenclature
A species is both defined by its genus name and specific name.
Ex. Panthera tigris
Panthera- genus name
tigris- species name
Lion, Leopard & TigerLion, Leopard & Tiger
Panthera leo Panthera pardus Panthera tigris
Biological Species
Organisms that are genetically similar, and have ability to interbreed and produce viable, fertile offspring
SubspeciesMight interbreed if a barrier or other challenge was removed (such as distance).
Hawaiian endemic snails (kahuli)
Table 1. Known Hawaiian endemic land snail diversity (*part)
Family Unit Species # subspecies varieties
Prosobranchia Hydrocenidae 1 Helicinidae 16 43Pulmonata Orthurethra Achatinellidae
Tornatellininae 106 11Achatinellinae 103 106 6
AmastridaeLeptachatininae 129 113Amastrinae 202 94
Offspring is sterile
Panthera leo
Panthera tigris
tigon
mule
donkey
zebroid
horse
Polar bear: Ursus maritimus Grizzly bear: Ursus arctos
Pizzly or Grolar bear
Wholphin- sealife park
False killer whale and dolphinPseudorca crassidens Tursiops truncatus
Common names
Confusing
Ambiguous
Scientific names
Agreed upon system
Names
• Portuguese Man-of-War
• Bluebottle
• Physalia physalis
Names
Language
Latin or Latinized
Giving names
A highly technical process
Name is author’s choice
Commemorate People
Gardenia jasminoides (Dr. Alexander Garden)Camellia japonica (Joseph Kamel)Strelitzia reginae (Queen Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz)Siegesbeckia orientalis (Dr. Siegesbeck)
Descriptive
Cardinalis cardinalis (red)Railus aquaticus (watery)Passer domesticus (house)
Geographic Location
• Kuhlia sandwicensis (Hawaii)• Periplanata americana
(American cockroach)• Zosterops japonica
(Japanese white-eye)
Pronunciation
Divide into syllables
Choose where to place emphasis
Mon/a/chus schau/in/slan/di
Hawaiian Monk Seal
Monachus schauinslandi
Humor in naming
Agra vation by Terry Erwin
a tropical beetle that was apparently very difficult to collect.
(Agra cadabra, Agra katewinslettae, Agra memnon, Agra sasquatch)
Heerz lukenatcha.
http://www.curioustaxonomy.net/puns/puns.html
Canis lupus familiarisDomestic dog
Canis lupus lanigerTibetan wolf
Canis rufusRed wolf
Which two are most closely related?
Canis lupus familiarisDomestic dog
Canis lupus lanigerTibetan wolf
Canis rufusRed wolf
Which two are most closely related?
Elephas maximus Loxodonta africanaLoxodonta africana
family Elephantidae order Proboscidea.
Elephas maximus Loxodonta africanaLoxodonta africana
family Elephantidae order Proboscidea.
traits inherited from a common ancestor
Homology
(convergent evolution)
Analogy
Which of the following is most closely related to the tamuanda?
tamuanda
pangolian aardvark sloth echidna