Lect1 111021211234-phpapp02

Artificial Intelligence(AI)

Lecture No. 1

Rahman AliRahman AliLecturer in Computer Science,

Quaid-e-Azam College of Commerce, University of Peshawar

[email protected]

Agenda

Intelligence Intelligence of computer Artificial intelligence Intelligent computing Vs Conventional computing Contribution of other fields to AI History of AI Applications of AI References End

Artificial Intelligence by Rahman Ali, Lect: QACC,UOP

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Intelligence?


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Can Intelligence be defined?

Intelligence can not be defined abstractly There are probably as many definitions of intelligence as there

are experts who study it.


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Intelligence (defination)

from "Mainstream Science on Intelligence" (1994), an editorial statement by fifty-two researchers: A very general mental capability that, among

other things, involves the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly (conceptually), comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly and learn from experience.

(Gottfredson, L.S., 1997).


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Intelligence

from "Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns" (1995), a report published by the Board of Scientific Affairs of the American Psychological Association: Individuals differ from one another in their

ability to understand complex ideas, to adapt effectively to the environment, to learn from experience, to engage in various forms of reasoning, to overcome obstacles by taking thought.

(Neisser, 1997) and (Perloff, 1996)


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Other definitions of intelligence

capacity for learning, reasoning, understanding, and similar forms of mental activity; aptitude (ability) in grasping truths, relationships, facts, meanings, etc.

the faculty of understanding. knowledge of an event, circumstance, etc., received

or imparted; news; information. the gathering or distribution of information,

especially secret information www. dictionary.com


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Intelligence (summary)

Intelligence is the ability of:abstract thoughtunderstandingcommunication reasoninglearningplanning problem solving


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Intelligence of computer

According to the British computer scientist Alan Turing's test in (1950):“a computer would deserves to be

called intelligent if it could deceive a human into believing that it was human.”


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Artificial Intelligence?

???


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Artificial Intelligence

“A branch of a computer science which studies the development of software and hardware which simulates human intelligence”

(Dr. Ghassan Issa)


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Artificial Intelligence

AI is the part of computer science concerned with designing intelligent computer systems, that is, computer systems that exhibit the characteristics we associate with intelligence in human behavior- Understanding languages, learning, reasoning, solving problems, and so on.

(Barr and Feigenbaum, 1981)


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Natural Language Processing (NLP) by Rahman Ali, Lect: QACC, UOP

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Other Definitions of AI ….

“AI is the study of how to make computer do things at which, at the moment, people are better”

(Rich and Knight, 1991)

“AI is study of idea that enable computers to be intelligent”

(Patrick H. Winston)

Intelligent computing Vs Conventional computing


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Intelligent Computing Conventional Computing

1 Does not guarantee a solution to a given problem.

1 Guarantees a solution to a given problem.

2 Results may not be reliable and consistent

2 Results are consistent and reliable.

3 Programmer does not tell the system how to solve the given problem.

3 Programmer tells the system exactly how to solve the problem

4 Can solve a range of problems in a given domain.

4 Can solve only one problem at a time in a given domain

Intelligent computing Vs Conventional computing …


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Conventional: Based on algorithms whose instructions are

stored in memory and executed in sequential way.

AI Computing: Not based on algorithms but based on:

Knowledge base (symbolic representation)

Uses reasoning and inferencing over the knowledge base to search and perform pattern matching.

Intelligent computing Vs Conventional computing …


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Contributions of other disciplines to AI


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Philosophy Logic, methods of reasoning, mind as physical system, foundations of learning, language,

rationality (wisdom) Mathematics Formal representation and proof of algorithms,

computation, (un)decidability, (in)tractability,probability

Economics utility, decision theory Neuroscience how do brain process information (neuron operation) Psychology 1- How do humans and animals think and act

2- phenomena of perception and motor control,experimental techniques

Computer engineering building fast computers

Control theory 1- How can artifacts (objects) operate under their own control?

2- design systems that maximize an objectivefunction over time.

Linguistics knowledge representation, grammar

Abridged history of artificial intelligence


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1941 first electric computer was developed 1943 McCulloch & Pitts:

Boolean circuit model of brain 1949 first “stored program” computer was introduced 1950 Turing proposed his “Turing Test” for

intelligence. 1955 early chess playing programs demonstrated 1956 in Dartmouth conference birth was given to:

"Artificial Intelligence" 1957 LISP language by John McCarthy at MIT


1965 expert system DENDRAL started at Stanford 1965 Robinson's complete algorithm for logical

reasoning 1966 expert system MACSYMA started at MIT 1969—79 Early development of knowledge-based

systems 1970 implementation of the Prolog language 1972 expert system MYCIN developed at Stanford 1972 SHRDLU natural language robot demonstrated at

MIT


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1980-- AI becomes an industry 1981-- Commercial NLP system “Intellect” available

from NLP group 1986-- Neural networks return to popularity 1987-- AI becomes a science 1995-- The emergence of intelligent agents 1995-2007 HLAI (Human Level AI):

AI should return to its roots of striving "machines that think, that learn”

Hays and Efros (2007) discuss the problem of filling in holes in a photograph


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2008--Artificial General Intelligence or AGI AGI looks for a universal algorithm for learning and

acting in any environment (Halevy et al_ 2009)

learning algorithm


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Applications of AI

Game playing General problem solving Expert system Natural language Processing Computer vision Robotics Education Others


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References

Gottfredson, L.S. (1997). "Foreword to "intelligence and social policy"" Intelligence 24 (1): 1–12. doi:10.1016/S0160-2896(97)90010-6. http://www.udel.edu/educ/gottfredson/reprints/1997specialissue.pdf.

Neisser, U.; Boodoo, G.; Bouchard Jr, T.J.; Boykin, A.W.; Brody, N.; Ceci, S.J.; Halpern, D.F.; Loehlin, J.C.; Perloff, R.; Sternberg, R.J.; Others, (1998). "Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns". Annual Progress in Child Psychiatry and Child Development 1997. ISBN 9780876308707. http://books.google.com/?id=gLWnmVbKdLwC&pg=PA95&dq=Intelligence:+Knowns+and+unknowns.

Perloff, R.; Sternberg, R.J.; Urbina, S. (1996). "Intelligence: knowns and unknowns". American Psychologist 51.

Dr. Ghassan Issa, Artificial intelligence, retrieved from: http://www.uop.edu.jo/issa/ai/ai-part1.htm, retrieved date: 04 Oct, 2011.


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References

Crash Course in Artificial Intelligence and Expert systems by Louise E. Frenzel.

Chapter No.1

Artificial Intelligence - A Modern Approach 3rd ed - S. Russell, P. Norvig (Prentice-Hall, 2010) WW

Chapter No.1


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Question????


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The end

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