Lec 5 culture_and_personality

CULTURE AND PERSONALITY

Sociology and AnthropologySecond Semester

PERSONALITY• is the pattern of behavior that is

distinctive for each individual. (Tischler)• is a more or less enduring organization of

forces within the individual, associated with a complex of fairly consistent attitudes, values, and modes of perception which account, in part, for the individual's consistency of behavior. (Barnouw)

Nature

Nurture

PERSONALITY

Culture VS. Personality

• Defines the nature of the society, ideas, norms, and values.

• Guides the individuals along the norms that express society’s needs and values.

• Sigmund Freud’s Theory of Personality• is a form of biological

determination and that socialization was a process characterized by an internal struggle between the biological component and the social-cultural environment.

PERSONALITY

id•he original system of the personality and the matrix within which the ego and the superego become differentiated.

ego•Is the executive of personality and is the mediator between the needs of the organism and the objective world of reality.

Super ego•the social component•the internal representative of the traditional values and ideals of society as interpreted to the child by its parents.

Sigmund Freud’s Theory of Personality

CULTURE VS. PERSONLITY

• Cultural anthropologists view...• Personality as formed through the process of

enculturation or socialization.• Personality development is a result of the

transmission of the culture of a society.• Stress that a society's culture, including its

worldview, influences the individual's behavior.

SOCIALIZATION PROCESS

• are social learning processes of conforming to the norms and values of the group, internalizing them and acquiring a status, and performing the corresponding role.

SOCIAL ROLES

• Refers to the expected patterns of behavior, obligations, privileges associated with a certain status.

SEATWORK• Ask your classmates, about 10 of

them, to describe the values that they have observed in school.

AGENCIES OF SOCIALIZATION

• FAMILY - is the main link between the individual and society. - is where the baby first gains experiences in love, affection, kindness, sympathy, and the like. - is where child gets oriented into the culture of the group, its norms, goals, types of consensus, and sanctions.

Family....cont...Function of Socialization in Families:• Transmission of culture, growth and

development of individuals, social control.

• Protect the welfare and interests of the children

• Provide an opportunity for the children to become socially functioning persons.


• Peer Group- groups linked with their age and interest.- status where individuals learn to make decisions.- provides the members with motivations as it sets norms of achievement.- members develop a strong attachment and loyalty to the group, getting support and security in times of uncertainty, and stress.-lifestyles, consumption of needs, recreation, and other activities are influenced, aided by media.- Peer groups become especially influential when parental guidance, affection, and attention are lacking.


• School - the primary agent for weaning children from home and introducing them to the larger society. - children get their formal instruction, acquire skills in reading, writing, and arithmetic, and develop cognitive ability.- inculcates cultural values, the recreational and intellectual skills. and selective knowledge that they will need to participate in the society to which they belong.


School...cont...• all educational institutions shall aim "to

inculcate love of country; teach the duties of citizenship; and develop moral character, personal discipline, and scientific, technological and vocational efficiency.“

---Philippine Constitution


• Mass Media- include newspapers, periodicals and journals, radio, television and movies, are another agent of socialization. - functions are primarily to inform, entertain, and educate.


Mass Media cont...• Of the various media, television is the most

stimulating and entertaining as well as informative.

• Television exposes children to social worlds theymight not experience, like foreign culture so the arts, nature, and history in the making, as well as to the world of work and romance and such complex problems as alcoholism, crime, prostitution, and AIDS.


• Church- provides for the spiritual and moral needs of children as well as of adults.- Through prayers, rituals and ceremonies, develops among people a strong faith in God.


Church cont...• Children learn the norms of conduct and

codes of behavior set forth by the religious organization.

• Expectations of what would result from doing good, the fear of sin, concept of life after death, and the concepts of heaven and hell motivate individuals to do what is good in order to be at peace with their maker.


• Workplace- a place where individuals socialize in accordance with its role expectations. - some provide formal training in the form of apprenticeship, orientation sessions, and training courses.- as individuals interact with their co-employees and boss, they are oriented into the organization.a


Workplace cont...• Employees learn the

hierarchy of statuses and find their place into it.


SOCIALIZATION INTO GENDER ROLES

• Sex – refers to the biological characteristics that one is born with genitals, hormones, and chromosomes.– inherited

• Gender – refers to social expectations, learned behavior and beliefs associated with maleness and femaleness.– learned


• Sex-role Socialization – Begins at infancy– Learning what is proper according

to being maleness or femaleness.– Learning masculinity and feminnity– Can be understood in terms of both

biological and cultural components interacting in complex ways.

MALE FEMALERun errands CookingGather fire woods WashingDo the gardening Cleaning the house fetching water Taking care of the younger

siblingsFeed animalsAssertive


• Distinctions in courses for males and females in school


Male FemaleMathematics Education

Natural Science NursingEngineering Home EconomicsMedicine Social Works

Politics Secretarial EducationLaw Nutrition

• With increasing urbanization and industrialization, these sex roles are being altered.

• The wife, on account of her educational training and skills, may earn a higher income than her husband.

• The roles of males and females in actual life are interchanged at times.

• There are women employed in all the occupational groups.

• Women have a higher percentage of employment than males in professional and technical work, in sales, in services, sports, and related activities.


• Senate Bill No. 1200 (Women in Development Act) by Former Senator Santanina Rasul – Gives women full and equal status to men.– Rights:

• Opportunity to borrow money without the consent of the husband

• Unrestricted capacity to act according to their civil status

• Access to all government and provincial programs granting agricultural credits and non-material assistance.

• Enter to Philippine Military Academy and have equal access to memberships in all clubs, committees, and associations.


• With the thrust of the government for national development' the potentials of our young boys and girls must be developed to the fullest.

• Verily, the success of nation-building programs depends on the equal partnership of man and women in social, political, economic, religious, and other activities.


DEVIANCE• Refers to the violation of norms.• Constitutes departure from norms

which result in social disapproval so that the variations arouse or are likely to elicit negative sanctions if detected

DEVIANCE• Clinard and Meir variations in the definitions of

deviance:– Statistical – What is normal or non-deviant is determined

by common conditions; what is the statistical minority represents deviance.

– Absolutist – it is an outcome of a value judgment based on absolute standards. It is defined in terms of violation of tradition or custom.

– Reactivist –it is a result of reaction or label of a social audience of behavior or condition of a person or persons.

– Normative – the label “deviant” results from a group’s notion of actions and conditions that should and should not occur.

• Sociologists: - deviant behavior is one that tails to conform to the rules or norms of the group. It implies something evaluated negatively.- are interested in how deviance comes about and its effects on society.

• Anthropologists:- are concerned primarily with how the members of a society jointly reach consensus about deviance.

DEVIANCE

• Is RELATIVE!• What is accepted to one society may not be

accepted to another.- Abortion, pre-marital sex, polygamy, and divorce are strongly disapproved by the catholic church

DEVIANCE

• The important questions to consider in determining whether a certain type of behavior is deviant or not are: – Which norms are violated? – Who violated them? – Are they members of the upper class or of

the lower class? – How visible is the deviation?– Who decides whether such acts are deviant

or not? – Deviance is thus the result of judgment by

members of a society that an individual is departing, conform to from social norms.

DEVIANCE

Explanations for Deviant Behavior

• Emile Durkheim: people lose their sense of belongingness and life for them becomes meaningless, uncertain or fraught with conflict – ANOMIE - This feeling makes them drift and resort to other types of behavior.

• Robert Merton: failure to achieve goals, coupled with unequal access to important environmental resources, leads to deviance.

SOCIAL CONTROL• The measures taken by society with

behavior that goes astray or violates the norms.

• The deliberate attempts to change behavior and to ensure conformity to the norms.

• Sanctions are used to ensure conformity.– Positive sanctions are rewards meant to

encourage conduct that conforms to the group's norms.

– Negative sanctions are meant to discourage deviant behavior.

- Informal sanctions are used in the small groups or in the remote rural areas where one knows everyone else in the group. These may be in the form of approval and praising, expressions of bad opinion and gossip, or even ostracism.- Formal social control refers to mechanisms that involve specialized agencies which formulate rules, codes, and standards of behavior to be followed or punishments.

SOCIAL CONTROL

Lec 5 culture_and_personality

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