Learning Theories to Instructional Design

04/13/2023Pat Donohue

Learning Theories & Instructional Design

Itec 800 – Fall 2012

Pat Donohue

Learning◦ The act or process of acquiring knowledge or skill.”

(Dictionary)

Instruction:◦ “selection and arrangement of information, activities,

approaches and media◦ By an instructional expert◦ To help students◦ Meet predetermined learning goals” (Theory into Application,

p.25)

Instructional Design◦ “..a self-correcting, systems approach that seeks to apply

scientifically derived principles to the planning, design, creation, implementation, and evaluation of effective and efficient instruction” (Schrock, p.11).

Review

04/13/2023 Itec 800 F2012

Pat Donohue

Theory =◦ Series of explanations about phenomena that, over

time, are accepted as true (does not mean it IS true).

◦ Hypothesis = single questions about phenomena that can be tested (i.e.: Will a ball roll faster than a ring down hill?) Hypothesis + hypothesis + hypothesis (tested and

shown to be true or predictable that together explain a bigger concept or set of concepts) = Theory

Construct = a testable concept or principle

Review

04/13/2023 Itec 800 F2012


Learning Theory

Learning = what is it?◦ Constructs linking observed changes in

performance with what brings those changes about.

Learning Theory:◦Results: what is changed?

◦Means: what process produced the change?

◦Inputs: “triggers” = the resources, experiences, preferences of the learner that are put through the learning process.


Learning and Epistemology

Learning is generated from 2 sources:1. Knowledge =

What we know and How we know (epistemology)

2. Nature of Mind = Mental phenomena:

Associations among ideas,Complex schemas,Neurochemical changes,Cultural preferences, etc. …


Ways we believe Traditions (accepted over time)

Accepted Knowledge Traditions:

About the CONTENT of Knowledge

Pragmatism

Objectivism

Interpretivism

Epistemologies


Epistemologies

Valid Sources of Knowledge:

1. Empiricism = what is learned from sensory experience.

2. Rationalism = only what the mind constructs.

3. Nativism = some knowledge is innate in us.


All three Epistemological traditions are evident in the

learning theories we will study in

this course.”

Really

?

Pat Donohue

Early 1900s-20s: Advent of scientific investigation◦ Thorndike – interest in studying learning as

subject◦ Also – advocated educational measurement◦ Bobbitt – schools should prepare citizens◦ Dalton Plan – learning outcomes & self-pacing

1930s: Development of instructional systems◦ Great Depression & Progressive Movement◦ Ralph Tyler’s 8-Year Study (high school > college)

History of ID Development

04/13/2023 Itec 800 F2012

Pat Donohue

1940s: The problem of military preparation◦ Real birth of instructional technology◦ Use of media (film, radio, visual aids)◦ “Mediated instruction”

1950s: Programmed Instruction◦ B. F. Skinner – “theory of reinforcement” –

“Operant Conditioning”◦ Military creation of “task analysis”


04/13/2023 Itec 800 F2012

Pat Donohue

1960s: Instructional Systems◦ Identified instructional “components”◦ 1965 Gagne’s Conditions of Learning ◦ Development of evaluation procedures◦ Governmental Support … ESEA established◦ Broadening of AV into instructional methods

1970s: ID Models Flourished◦ Systematic evaluation of over 60 models that came out

of the 60s.◦ Creation of “Needs Assessment” to determine which

models were meeting learning needs.◦ Development of instructional systems design as a

professional field


04/13/2023 Itec 800 F2012

Pat Donohue

1980s: Microcomputers – Apples > PCs◦ ID process enters education◦ ID process enters business and industry◦ PI > CAI > individualized development of

instruction◦ Expanse of the Internet

1990s: Birth of the World Wide Web◦ Connected learning◦ Multimedia◦ Semantic Web


04/13/2023 Itec 800 F2012

Pat Donohue

1. The Web as Platform2. Harnessing Collective Intelligence3. Data is the Next Intel Inside4. End of the Software Release Cycle5. Lightweight Programming Models6. Software Above the Level of a Single

Device7. Rich User Experiences

O’Reilly’s Web 2.0 > ???

04/13/2023 Itec 800 F2012


Theories

Once it is clear in our minds where we stand on learning in general, then the theoretical perspective or perspectives that are most relevant [to you] will emerge

(Schunk, 2012, p.3)

Theory,

Learn

ing &

Instru

ction

According to Spector:

A Theory explains a CONCEPT

Concepts are not Facts: They can be concrete, abstract or a combination of both

According to Schunk:

Learning = a change in Behavior | Cognition.

Instruction = Teaching | ‘Training’

Your question is, “How do you explain the difference between the three? And, “So What?”

Pat Donohue

Instructional Theory is, “the development of principles and strategies to help learners move from states of not knowing and not being able to do certain things to states of knowing and being able to perform.” (Spector, 2012, p.96)

04/13/2023 Itec 800 F2012

Instructional Theory

Instructional Design

/instructional design/(n): The process by which instruction is improved through the analysis of learning needs and systematic development of learning materials [see: www.instructionaldesign.org]

Instructional design theory is prescriptive in nature; that is to say that the theory suggests with some degree of probability how to sequence material and activities using various strategies in order to achieve desired outcomes with a particular group of earners. (Reigeluth, 1983)

http://www.instructionaldesign.org/

Inst

ruct

iona

l

Prin

cipl

es

Learners progress through stages/phases

Material should be organized & presented in small steps

Learners require practice, feedback and review

Social models facilitate learning & motivation

Motivational & contextual factors influence learning

(Schunk, 2012, p.19

Ahh – A GREAT outline of instructional design parts!

Instructional

Design

Models

ADDIE• Analyze (needs)

• Design (learning plans)

• Develop (materials)

• Implement (instruction & environment)

• Evaluate (outcomes)

Learners + Materials + Learning Environment +What we know about how people learn = Instructional Design Theory / Models

Design & Development Methods:

• Waterfall Method• Rapid Design• Agile Design• Iterative Design


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0YOqgXjynd0

A quick review of three classical theories:




3 L

earn

ing

Para

dig

ms

Behaviorism (1920-1960)

Based on observable changes in

behavior: trained by repetition &

reward Cognitivism (1960-1990)

Based on the thought process

behind the behavior: train the

mind to remember Constructivism (1990–>)

Based on the idea that we all

construct our own perspective of

the world through experience and

our mental schema.

From Mergel (1998)

The Q

uest

ion:

What

does

it

look

like?

Your input goes here …

Learning Theories to Instructional Design

Documents

Transcript of Learning Theories to Instructional Design