Learning Targets Ch. 4 Sect. Learning Targets Ch. 4 Sect. 11

7.2.4Discuss how Muslim rule spread as a result of war and treaties. Focus on the spread of Islam and the Arabic language, and how the Muslim culture mixed with other cultures.

7.2.5Describe the growth of trade between Asia , Africa, and Europe and the role of merchants in Arab society. Describe how trade led to the growth of cities and the spread of products, ideas, and inventions.

7.2.47.2.5

Early Expansion

The Big Idea

Conquest and trade led to the spread of Islam, the blending of cultures, and the growth of cities.

4 Main Ideas

Main Idea 1:Main Idea 1: Muslim armies conquered many lands Muslim armies conquered many lands

into which Islam slowly spread.into which Islam slowly spread.

• After Muhammad’s death, Abu Bakr became the first caliph, the title that Muslims use for the highest leader of Islam.

• Caliphs were not religious leaders, but political and military leaders.

• Abu Bakr directed a series of battles against Arab tribes who did not follow Muhammad’s teachings.

Growth of the EmpireGrowth of the Empire

• Muslim armies battled tribes that did not follow Muhammad’s teachings.

• The Muslim armies united Arabia, then defeated the Persian and Byzantine empires.

• After years of fighting Muslim armies, many Berbers, a native people of North Africa, converted to Islam and joined forces with the Arabs.

• A combined Berber and Arab army invaded Spain and conquered it in AD 711. (Cordoba)

Main Idea 2:Main Idea 2:Trade helped Islam Trade helped Islam

spread into new areas.spread into new areas.• Along with their trade goods, Arab merchants took Islamic

beliefs to new lands.

• Islam spread to India, Africa, Malaysia, and Indonesia.

• Trade also brought new products to Muslim lands and made many people rich.

– Travelers learned how to make paper from the Chinese.

– Merchants brought crops of cotton, rice, and oranges from India, China, and Southeast Asia.

– Muslim merchants set up trade businesses in Africa.

Main Idea 3:Main Idea 3: A mix of cultures was one result A mix of cultures was one result

of Islam’s spread. of Islam’s spread.• As Islam spread through

trade, warfare, and treaties, Arabs came into contact with people who had different beliefs and lifestyles.

• Language and religion helped unify many groups that became part of the Islamic world.

• Muslims generally practiced tolerance, or acceptance, with regard to these people.

• Jews and Christians in particular could keep their beliefs.

Main Idea 4:Main Idea 4: Islamic influence encouraged Islamic influence encouraged

the growth of cities.the growth of cities.• Baghdad (know on

the map)

• Capital of Islamic Empire

• Located near land and water trade routes

• Walled city

• Built hospitals, observatories, and a library that was used as a university

• Cordoba (know on the map)

• Capital of what is now Spain

• Strong economy based on agriculture and trade

• By the AD 900s, was the largest and most advanced city in Europe

• Great center of learning• Also a center of Jewish

culture

Learning Target Ch. 4 Sect. Learning Target Ch. 4 Sect. 22

7.2.4Discuss how Muslim rule spread as a result of war and treaties. Focus on the spread of Islam and the Arabic language and how Muslim culture mixed with other cultures.

7.2.4Muslim Empires

The Big Idea

After the early spread of Islam, three large Islamic empires formed—the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal.

3 Main Ideas

Main Idea 1:Main Idea 1:Muslims ruled the Ottoman Empire, Muslims ruled the Ottoman Empire,

which was a political and cultural which was a political and cultural force.force.

• The Ottomans were aided by slave soldiers called Janissaries.

• They had new gunpowder weapons, such as the cannon.

• Mehmed II and Suleyman I led conquests that turned the Ottomans into a world power.

• During Suleyman’s rule, the Ottoman Empire reached its cultural peak.

– Poets wrote beautiful works.

– Architects turned Istanbul into a Muslim city.

• Women had limited freedom.

Ottoman Government and Ottoman Government and SocietySociety

• The sultan, or Ottoman ruler, issued laws and made all major decisions in the empire.

• Ottoman society was divided into two classes.

– Judges and people who advised the sultan were part of the ruling class.

– Those who didn’t fit into the ruling class made up the other class. Many of these were Christians or Jews from lands the Ottomans had conquered.

Main Idea 2:Main Idea 2: The Safavid Empire blended Persian The Safavid Empire blended Persian

cultural traditions with Shia Islam.cultural traditions with Shia Islam.

• A conflict arose over who should be caliph.

• Islam split into two groups.

– The Shia thought that only members of Muhammad’s family could become caliphs.

– The Sunni thought it did not matter as long as they were good Muslims and strong leaders.

The Safavid EmpireThe Safavid Empire• The Safavid Empire began when the

Safavid leader Esma’il conquered Persia and made himself shah, or king. In 1501.

• He made Shiism the official religion of the empire.

• The Safavids blended Persian and Muslim traditions.

• The manufacturing of traditional products, such as handwoven carpets, silk, and velvet, was encouraged.

SA tb 93 1-2SA tb 93 1-2

1.a. Janissaries were Christian boys the Ottomans captured, converted to Islam, and used as slave troops.

1b. Ottoman society was tolerant because it allowed Christians and Jews to live there, but it was intolerant because it limited women’s freedom and forced the early Janissaries to convert to Islam.

2a. The Safavid Empire began when the Safavid leader Esma’il conquered Persia and made himself shah, or king. In 1501.

2b. Safavid culture was part of the empires economy because the manufacturing of traditional products, such as handwoven carpets, silk, and velvet, was encouraged.

Main Idea 3:Main Idea 3:The Mughal Empire in India left The Mughal Empire in India left an impressive cultural heritage.an impressive cultural heritage.

• Babur established the Mughal Empire, but it grew mostly under an emperor named Akbar.

• Akbar’s tolerant religious policies helped unify the empire. Leaders after him weren’t tolerant of other religions besides Islam and it made people revolt. This is what weakened the empire and eventually ended it.

• A conflict of cultures and religion led to the end of this empire, but resulted in a culture unique to the Mughal Empire.

• Cultures that blended in the empire included

– Muslims

– Hindus

– Persians

– Indians

Learning Target Ch. 4 Sect. Learning Target Ch. 4 Sect. 33

7.2.6Understand how Muslim scholars from different areas worked together and made contributions in the areas of math, science, philosophy, art, and literature.

7.2.6Cultural Achievements

The Big Idea

Muslim scholars and artists made contributions to science, art, and literature.

2 Main Ideas

Main Idea 1:Main Idea 1: Muslim scholars made advances in Muslim scholars made advances in

various fields of science and various fields of science and philosophy.philosophy.

• Muslim scholars made advances in astronomy, geography, math, and science.

• Many ancient writings were translated into Arabic. This helped preserve the ancient knowledge for learning.

Cultural AchievementsCultural Achievements• Geography

– Geographers made more accurate maps than before, mostly due to the contributions of al-Idrisi.

– Ibn Battutah traveled to Africa, India, China and Spain and made many contributions to geography.

• Math

– The Muslim mathematician al-Khwarizmi laid the foundations for modern algebra.

• Astronomy

– They made improvements to the astrolabe, which the Greeks had invented to chart the positions of the stars.

More Scholarly AdvancesMore Scholarly Advances• Medicine

– The Muslims’ greatest scientific achievements may have come in medicine.

– A doctor named Ar-Razi discovered how to diagnose and treat the deadly disease smallpox.

• Philosophy

– The Muslim philosophy focused on spiritual issues, which led to a movement called Sufism.

– Sufism teaches that people can find God’s love by having a personal relationship with God.

Main Idea 2:Main Idea 2:Islam influenced styles of Islam influenced styles of

literature literature and the arts.and the arts.

• Literature

– Two forms of literature were popular in the Muslim world—poetry and short stories.

• Architecture

– The greatest architectural achievements were mosques. They often had a dome and minarets—narrow towers from which Muslims are called to prayer.

– Patrons, or sponsors, used their wealth to pay for elaborately decorated mosques.

More Islamic InfluencesMore Islamic Influences• Art

– Because they could not represent people or animals in paintings due to their religion, Muslim artists turned calligraphy, or decorative writing, into an art form.

– They used this technique to decorate buildings and mosques.