Learning: Principles & Applications
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Transcript of Learning: Principles & Applications
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Learning: Principles & Applications
Chapter 9
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learning
• A relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience
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9.1
Classical Conditioning
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Classical conditioning
• A learning procedure in which associations are made between a natural stimulus and a learned, neutral stimulus
• Ivan Pavlov – Russian physiologist
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Neutral stimulus
• A stimulus that does not initially elicit a response
• The bell ringing
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Unconditioned StimulusUCS
• An event that elicits a certain predictable response without previous training
• Showing the food
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Unconditioned ResponseUCR
• An organism’s automatic (or natural) reaction to a stimulus
• Salivating when seeing food
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Conditioned stimulusCS
• A once-neutral event that elicits a given response after a period of training in which it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus
• Ringing the bell causes the dog to salivate
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Conditioned responseCR
• The learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus
• Salivating when the bell rings whether food is present or not
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Classical Conditioning
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generalization
• Responding similarly to a range of similar stimuli
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discrimination
• The ability to respond differently to similar but distinct stimuli
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extinction
• The gradual disappearance of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus
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9.2
OPERANT CONDITIONING
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Operant conditioning
• Learning in which a certain action is reinforced or punished, resulting in corresponding increases or decreases in occurrence
• Burrhus Frederick (B.F.) Skinner
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reinforcement
• Stimulus or event that follows a response and increases the likelihood that the response will be repeated
• Positive reinforcement – something positive is given
• Negative reinforcement – something negative is stopped
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Primary reinforcer
• Stimulus that is naturally rewarding, such as food or water
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Secondary reinforcer
• Stimulus such as money that becomes reinforcing through its link with a primary reinforcer
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Fixed-ratio schedule
• Schedule of reinforcement in which a specific number of correct responses is required before reinforcement can be obtained
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Variable-ratio schedule
• Schedule of reinforcement in which an unpredictable number of responses are required before reinforcement can be obtained
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Fixed-interval schedule
• Schedule of reinforcement in which a specific amount of time must elapse before a response will elicit reinforcement
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Variable-interval schedule
• Schedule of reinforcement in which changing amounts of time must elapse before a response will obtain reinforcement
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shaping
• Technique in which the desired behavior is “molded” by first rewarding any act similar to that behavior and then requiring closer approximations to the desired behavior before giving the reward
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Response chain
• Learned reactions that follow one another in sequence, each reaction producing the signal for the next
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Aversive control
• Process of influencing behavior by means of unpleasant stimuli
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Negative reinforcement
• Increasing the strength of a given response by removing or preventing a painful stimulus when the response occurs
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Escape conditioning
• Training of an organism to remove or terminate an unpleasant stimulus
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Avoidance conditioning
• Training of an organism to withdraw from an unpleasant stimulus before it starts
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9.3
SOCIAL LEARNING
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Social learning
• Form of learning in which the organism observes and imitates the behavior of others
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Cognitive learning
• Form of altering behavior that involves mental processes and may result from observation or imitation
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Cognitive map
• A mental picture of spatial relationships or relationships between events
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Latent learning
• Learning that is not demonstrated by an immediate, observable change in behavior
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Learned helplessness
• Condition in which repeated attempts to control a situation fail, resulting in the belief that the situation is uncontrollable
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modeling
• Learning by imitating others; copying behavior
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Behavior modification
• Systematic application of learning principles to change people’s actions and feelings
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Token economy
• Conditioning in which desirable behavior is reinforced with valueless objects, which can be accumulated and exchanged for valued rewards
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