LEARNING OBJECTIVESLEARNING OBJECTIVES

• Identify Computer ComponentsIdentify Computer Components

• Describe Data RepresentationDescribe Data Representation

• Contrast mainframes, Contrast mainframes, minicomputers, supercomputers, minicomputers, supercomputers, PCs, workstationsPCs, workstations

**

LEARNING OBJECTIVESLEARNING OBJECTIVES

• Compare arrangements of computer Compare arrangements of computer processing: Client/Server, network.processing: Client/Server, network.

• Describe media for storing dataDescribe media for storing data

• Describe Input/Output DevicesDescribe Input/Output Devices

• Describe multimedia, trendsDescribe multimedia, trends

**

INPUT DEVICES

SECONDARY STORAGE

PRIMARY STORAGE

Computer ComponentsComputer ComponentsCPU

OUTPUT DEVICES

COMMUNICATIONS DEVICES

BUSES

• BIT:BIT: Binary Digit. On/Off, 0/1, Magnetic/NotBinary Digit. On/Off, 0/1, Magnetic/Not• BYTE:BYTE: Group of bits for one characterGroup of bits for one character

– EBCDIC- EBCDIC- Extended Binary Coded Decimal Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (8 bits per byte)Interchange Code (8 bits per byte)

– ASCII-ASCII- American Standard Code for American Standard Code for Information Exchange (7 or 8 bits per byte)Information Exchange (7 or 8 bits per byte)

• PARITY BIT:PARITY BIT: extra bit added to each byte to extra bit added to each byte to help detect errorshelp detect errors

**

How Characters are PresentedHow Characters are Presented

EXAMPLES OF BYTESEXAMPLES OF BYTES

C: 1100 0011 0C: 1100 0011 0 100 0011 1100 0011 1 6767 A: 1100 0001 1A: 1100 0001 1 100 0001 0100 0001 0 6565 T: 1110 0011 1T: 1110 0011 1 101 0100 1101 0100 1 8484

Note how sum for each byte is an Note how sum for each byte is an EVENEVEN number number**

EBCDICEBCDIC ASCIIASCII DecimalDecimal (assume even-parity system)(assume even-parity system)

Parity bit

Computer TimeComputer Time

MillisecondMillisecond .001 second thousand.001 second thousand 15min 40 sec15min 40 sec

MicrosecondMicrosecond .001 millisecond million 11.6 days .001 millisecond million 11.6 days

Nanosecond .001microsecond billionNanosecond .001microsecond billion 31.7 years31.7 years

PicosecondPicosecond .001 nanosecond trillion.001 nanosecond trillion 31,700 years31,700 years

**

NAME LENGTH SECOND TO 1 SECONDNAME LENGTH SECOND TO 1 SECOND

# PER COMPARED# PER COMPARED

5.7

Memory SizeMemory Size• KILOBYTE (KT): 2KILOBYTE (KT): 21010 bytes... 1024 bytes bytes... 1024 bytes• MEGABYTE (MB): 2MEGABYTE (MB): 21010 KB... “million” bytes KB... “million” bytes• GIGABYTE (GB): 2GIGABYTE (GB): 21010 MB... “billion” bytes MB... “billion” bytes• TERABYTES (TB): 2TERABYTES (TB): 21010 GB... “trillion” bytes GB... “trillion” bytes

Differentiated by exponential powerDifferentiated by exponential power

**

5.8

COMPUTER GENERATIONSCOMPUTER GENERATIONS

1.1. VACUUM TUBES:VACUUM TUBES: 1946-19561946-1956

5.9

COMPUTER GENERATIONSCOMPUTER GENERATIONS

1. VACUUM TUBES: 1946-19561. VACUUM TUBES: 1946-1956

2. TRANSISTORS:2. TRANSISTORS: 1957-19631957-1963

5.10

COMPUTER GENERATIONSCOMPUTER GENERATIONS

1. VACUUM TUBES: 1946-19561. VACUUM TUBES: 1946-1956

2. TRANSISTORS: 1957-19632. TRANSISTORS: 1957-1963

3. INTEGRATED CIRCUITS:3. INTEGRATED CIRCUITS: 1964-19791964-1979

5.11

COMPUTER GENERATIONSCOMPUTER GENERATIONS

1. VACUUM TUBES: 1946-19561. VACUUM TUBES: 1946-1956

2. TRANSISTORS: 1957-19632. TRANSISTORS: 1957-1963

3. INTEGRATED CIRCUITS: 1964-19793. INTEGRATED CIRCUITS: 1964-1979

4. VERY LARGE-SCALE INTEGRATED4. VERY LARGE-SCALE INTEGRATED CIRCUITS (VLSI):CIRCUITS (VLSI): 1980- PRESENT1980- PRESENT

**

5.12

• Word Length:Word Length: bits processed at one time (e.g., 32-bits processed at one time (e.g., 32-bit processor)bit processor)

• MEGAHERTZ:MEGAHERTZ: processing speed; processing speed; one million cycles one million cycles per second (e.g., 1GHz)per second (e.g., 1GHz)

• Data Bus Width:Data Bus Width: bits moved between CPU & other bits moved between CPU & other devices (e.g., 133MHz motherboard)devices (e.g., 133MHz motherboard)

• RISC: Reduced Instruction Set Computing:RISC: Reduced Instruction Set Computing: embeds embeds most used instructions on chip to enhance speed most used instructions on chip to enhance speed (80/20 rule)(80/20 rule)

• MultiMedia eXtension (MMX), 3D-Now!:MultiMedia eXtension (MMX), 3D-Now!: special special codes for improving multimedia applicationscodes for improving multimedia applications

**

Terms for MicroprocessorsTerms for Microprocessors

5.12

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)(CPU)

RAMRAM

PRIMARY (MAIN) MEMORYPRIMARY (MAIN) MEMORY

CONTROL UNITCONTROL UNITARITHMETIC/LOGICARITHMETIC/LOGIC

UNITUNIT

ROMROMCLOCKCLOCK

5.14

BUSESBUSES

CPUCPUPRIMARYPRIMARY

STORAGESTORAGE

DATA BUSDATA BUS

ADDRESS BUSADDRESS BUS

CONTROL BUSCONTROL BUS

INPUT

DEVICES

OUTPUT

DEVICES

SECONDARY

STORAGE5.15

TYPES OF MEMORYTYPES OF MEMORY• RAM (Working Area):RAM (Working Area): Random Access Random Access

MemoryMemory– Dynamic: Dynamic: Changes thru processingChanges thru processing– Static: Static: Remains constant (power on)Remains constant (power on)

• ROM :ROM : Read Only Memory (preprogrammed)Read Only Memory (preprogrammed)– PROM: PROM: Program can be changed onceProgram can be changed once– EPROM: EPROM: Erasable thru ultraviolet lightErasable thru ultraviolet light– EEPROM: EEPROM: Electrically erasableElectrically erasable

**

5.16

ADDRESSES IN MEMORYADDRESSES IN MEMORY

101101 102102 103103

201201

301301

202202 203203

302302 303303

Each location can hold one BYTEEach location can hold one BYTE

Each location has an ADDRESSEach location has an ADDRESS

5.17

ALU & CONTROL UNITALU & CONTROL UNIT

• Arithmetic-Logic UNIT:Arithmetic-Logic UNIT: CPU CPU component performs arithmetic component performs arithmetic (calculation) and logic (branching, (calculation) and logic (branching, decision) operationsdecision) operations

• Control Unit:Control Unit: CPU component CPU component controls, coordinates other parts of controls, coordinates other parts of computer system (traffic cop)computer system (traffic cop)

**

5.18

Examples of Examples of MicroprocessorsMicroprocessors

• Intel:Intel: PII, PIII (up to 1GHz), P4PII, PIII (up to 1GHz), P4• AMD:AMD: Athlon, Athlon Thunderbird (up Athlon, Athlon Thunderbird (up

to 1.2GHz), Duron (~800MHz)to 1.2GHz), Duron (~800MHz)• Transmeta: Transmeta: Caruso (code morphing, Caruso (code morphing,

lower power consumption) for laptop lower power consumption) for laptop and handheld devicesand handheld devices

• Motorola: Motorola: Chips for Power MacChips for Power Mac**

5.18

CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERSCATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS

• MAINFRAMEMAINFRAME

• MINICOMPUTERMINICOMPUTER

• PERSONAL COMPUTER (PC)PERSONAL COMPUTER (PC)

• WORKSTATIONWORKSTATION

• SUPERCOMPUTERSUPERCOMPUTER

**

5.23

MICROCOMPUTERMICROCOMPUTER• Desktop or PortableDesktop or Portable• 64 to 256 Megabytes of RAM64 to 256 Megabytes of RAM• Personal or business usePersonal or business use• AffordableAffordable• ““Assembled” (not “manufactured”) from Assembled” (not “manufactured”) from

many components (modular combination)many components (modular combination)• Can be networkedCan be networked• ““Decentralization” from mainframe useDecentralization” from mainframe use

**

5.26

WORKSTATIONWORKSTATION

• Desktop ComputerDesktop Computer• Powerful graphicsPowerful graphics• Extensive math capabilitiesExtensive math capabilities• Multi-taskingMulti-tasking• Usually configured to special functions Usually configured to special functions

such as CAD, ENGINEERING, GRAPHICSsuch as CAD, ENGINEERING, GRAPHICS• Distinction from PC has been blurredDistinction from PC has been blurred

**

5.27

SEQUENTIAL & PARALLEL PROCESSINGSEQUENTIAL & PARALLEL PROCESSING

SEQUENTIAL PARALLELSEQUENTIAL PARALLEL

TASK 1

RESULT

TASK 2

RESULT

ProgramProgram

CPUCPU

ProgramProgram

CPUCPU

ProgramProgram

CPUCPUTASK 2TASK 2

CPUCPUTASK 3TASK 3

CPUCPUTASK 1TASK 1

RESULTRESULT

5.29

• CENTRALIZED:CENTRALIZED: Processing by central Processing by central computer sitecomputer site– One standardOne standard– Greater controlGreater control

• DECENTRALIZED:DECENTRALIZED: Processing by several Processing by several computer sites linked by networkscomputer sites linked by networks– More flexibilityMore flexibility– Faster responseFaster response

**

CENTRALIZED / DECENTRALIZEDCENTRALIZED / DECENTRALIZED

• NETWORKED COMPUTERSNETWORKED COMPUTERS• CLIENT:CLIENT: where things are processed. where things are processed.

User (PC, workstation, laptop) requires User (PC, workstation, laptop) requires data, application, communications it does data, application, communications it does not havenot have

• SERVER:SERVER: hosting data and application, hosting data and application, handle communications and other handle communications and other administrative works.administrative works.

**

CLIENT / SERVERCLIENT / SERVER

5.31

CLIENT SERVERREQUESTS

DATA,SERVICE

USER INTERFACEUSER INTERFACE

APPLICATION APPLICATION FUNCTIONFUNCTION

DATADATA

APPLICATION FUNCTIONAPPLICATION FUNCTION

NETWORK RESOURCESNETWORK RESOURCES

CLIENT / SERVERCLIENT / SERVER

5.32

Cost Reduction through Cost Reduction through Task RedistributionTask Redistribution

• Network Computer:Network Computer: NetPC (MS) and NC NetPC (MS) and NC (IBM et al.) smart terminals (IBM et al.) smart terminals

• Appliance Computing: Appliance Computing: e.g., WebTV.e.g., WebTV.

Total Cost of Ownership (TCO):Total Cost of Ownership (TCO): must must consider more than just the equipment consider more than just the equipment price. Include costs in hardware, software, price. Include costs in hardware, software, upgrades, maintenance, technical support, upgrades, maintenance, technical support, trainingtraining

**

•DiskDisk

•TapeTape

•Optical storageOptical storage

**

SECONDARY STORAGESECONDARY STORAGE

5.35

TRACKSTRACKS

STARTSTARTOFOFTRACKSTRACKS

DIRECTORY ON TRACK 0DIRECTORY ON TRACK 0

SECTORSECTOR

EACH TRACK HOLDSEACH TRACK HOLDSSASAME AMOUNT OF DATAME AMOUNT OF DATA

TRACKS AND SECTORS

5.37

Source: Senn, Information Technology in Business1995

• CD-ROM:CD-ROM: 500-660 MEGABYTES500-660 MEGABYTES

• WRITE ONCE / READ MANY (WORM):WRITE ONCE / READ MANY (WORM):

–CD-R: CD-R: Compact Disk - RecordableCompact Disk - Recordable

–CD-RW: CD-RW: CD - RewritableCD - Rewritable

• DIGITAL VIDEO DISK (DVD):DIGITAL VIDEO DISK (DVD): CD size, CD size, up to 10 gigabytes of dataup to 10 gigabytes of data

**

OPTICAL STORAGEOPTICAL STORAGE

5.38

• ENCLOSED FERROUS OXIDE TAPEENCLOSED FERROUS OXIDE TAPE

• USED PERIODICALLY TO BACK UP USED PERIODICALLY TO BACK UP RECORDSRECORDS

• INEXPENSIVEINEXPENSIVE

• STORED IN SAFE LOCATIONSTORED IN SAFE LOCATION

• CAN BE REUSEDCAN BE REUSED

**

MAGNETIC CARTRIDGEMAGNETIC CARTRIDGE

5.40

Peripheral DevicesPeripheral Devices

• POINTING DEVICESPOINTING DEVICES

• SOURCE DATA AUTOMATIONSOURCE DATA AUTOMATION

• OUTPUT DEVICESOUTPUT DEVICES

**

5.41

Pointing DevicesPointing Devices

• KEYBOARDKEYBOARD• MOUSEMOUSE

– WIREDWIRED– INFRA-REDINFRA-RED– TRACKBALLTRACKBALL– TOUCH PADTOUCH PAD

• JOYSTICKJOYSTICK• TOUCH SCREENTOUCH SCREEN

**5.42

Source Data AutomationSource Data Automation

CAPTURES DATA IN COMPUTER FORM AT CAPTURES DATA IN COMPUTER FORM AT TIME & PLACE OF TRANSACTIONTIME & PLACE OF TRANSACTION

• OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION (OCR)(OCR)

• BAR CODEBAR CODE• MAGNETIC INK CHARACTERMAGNETIC INK CHARACTER

RECOGNITION (MICR)RECOGNITION (MICR)

**

SOURCE DATA AUTOMATIONSOURCE DATA AUTOMATION

• PEN-BASED INPUT:PEN-BASED INPUT: digitizes signaturedigitizes signature• DIGITAL SCANNER: translates images & DIGITAL SCANNER: translates images &

characters into digital formcharacters into digital form• VOICE INPUT DEVICES:VOICE INPUT DEVICES: converts spoken converts spoken

word into digital formword into digital form• SENSORS:SENSORS: devices that collect dat devices that collect data from a from

environment for computer input (e.g., environment for computer input (e.g., thermometers, pressure gauges)thermometers, pressure gauges)

**5.44

Output DevicesOutput Devices

• CATHODE RAY TUBE (CRT)CATHODE RAY TUBE (CRT)

• PRINTERPRINTER

• PLOTTERPLOTTER

• VOICE OUTPUT DEVICEVOICE OUTPUT DEVICE

• MULTIMEDIAMULTIMEDIA

**

5.45

Data ProcessingData Processing• BATCH PROCESSING:BATCH PROCESSING: transaction data transaction data

stored until convenient to process as a stored until convenient to process as a group. Useful for less time-sensitive group. Useful for less time-sensitive actions. actions.

• ON-LINE PROCESSING:ON-LINE PROCESSING: transaction data transaction data entered directly into system, constantly entered directly into system, constantly updating files. Requires direct-access updating files. Requires direct-access devices. “Interactive”devices. “Interactive”

**

TECHNOLOGY TRENDSTECHNOLOGY TRENDS

• INTERACTIVE MULTIMEDIAINTERACTIVE MULTIMEDIA• VIRTUAL REALITYVIRTUAL REALITY• ENHANCED WORLD WIDE WEBENHANCED WORLD WIDE WEB• SUPERCHIPSSUPERCHIPS• FIFTH GENERATION COMPUTERSFIFTH GENERATION COMPUTERS• MASSIVELY PARALLEL COMPUTERSMASSIVELY PARALLEL COMPUTERS• SMART CARDSSMART CARDS• MICROMINIATURIZATIONMICROMINIATURIZATION

**5.49 YEARSYEARS

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