LEARNING GOAL 1.2: DESIGN AN EFFECTIVE PSYCHOLOGICAL EXPERIMENT THAT ACCOUNTS FOR BIAS, RELIABILITY,...
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Transcript of LEARNING GOAL 1.2: DESIGN AN EFFECTIVE PSYCHOLOGICAL EXPERIMENT THAT ACCOUNTS FOR BIAS, RELIABILITY,...
LEARNING GOAL 1.2: DESIGN AN EFFECTIVE PSYCHOLOGICAL
EXPERIMENT THAT ACCOUNTS FOR BIAS, RELIABILITY, AND VALIDITY
Experimental Design
Variables
Independent variable: the condition that you change to see if it will have an effect
Dependent variable: the result you measure to look for a change
Experimental research questions often take the form of “How does (IV) affect (DV)?”
Confounding variables: other things that are uncontrolled and could distort the relationship between your IV and DV (these abound in psychology!)
Identifying Variables
You want to see if drinking soda affects dancing ability. What is your IV? Your DV? Your confounds?
You want to test whether sweet foods influence mood. What is your IV? Your DV? Your confounds?
You want to see if people perform differently on tests if they’re reminded of stereotypes beforehand. What is your IV? What is your DV? What are confounds?
Conditions
Experimental: receives the treatment (the manipulated IV)
Control: doesn’t receive the treatmentMay have more than one of either type of
condition
Designing Control Conditions
You want to see if drinking soda affects dancing ability. What should your experimental condition(s) be? What should your control condition(s) be?
You want to test whether sweet foods influence mood. What is your experimental condition(s)? Control condition(s)?
You want to see if people perform differently on tests if they’re reminded of stereotypes beforehand. What should your experimental and control groups do?
Observer Error
Example: Confirmation bias (noticing only what supports
his/her theory)How to prevent it:
Random assignment: randomly choose which participant will be assigned to which condition
Double-blind procedure: neither the participant nor the experimenter knows which group the participant is in; may be aided by use of a placebo: an inactive treatment that looks similar to the experimental treatment
Participant Error
Examples: Demand characteristics (trying to give “good”
data) Social desirability bias (trying to “look good”)
How to prevent it: Random assignment Double-blind procedure and placebos Ensuring the participant doesn’t feel watched or
judged
Administrative Error
Example: Variations in how the study is performed
How to prevent it: Double-blind procedure and placebos Strict scripting and clearly defined protocols
Designing Measures
We want our measurements of our independent and dependent variables to be…
ReliableValid
Test Reliability
A measurement is reliable if it gets consistent results
Test-retest reliability: a participant who completes the task multiple times keeps giving pretty similar results
Inter-rater reliability: two evaluators would both score the results the same way
Test Validity
A measurement is valid if it actually measures what it’s supposed to measure
Say you designed a test to measure intelligence based on shoe size. Such a test would be reliable – shoe sizes follow a pretty universal standard – but it could in no way predict intelligence, so it wouldn’t be valid.